Bioactive agents can stimulate osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation; therefore, their application in bone regeneration offers significant therapeutic potential. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate strategies for applying chitosan-based scaffolds with growth factors in bone regeneration. A structured literature search was conducted in July 2025 across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Search terms included combinations of (chitosan scaffold) AND (growth factor OR BMP-2 OR VEGF OR FGF OR TGF-beta OR periostin OR PDGF OR IGF-1 OR EGF OR ANG-1 OR ANG-2 OR GDF-5 OR SDF-1 OR osteopontin). The study selection process followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICO framework. Out of 367 records, 226 were screened, and 17 studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative analysis. BMP-2 was the most frequently investigated growth factor, studied in both in vitro and in vivo models, with rats and rabbits as the most common animal models. Scaffold compositions varied, incorporating hydroxyapatite, heparin, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, octacalcium phosphate-mineralized graphene, silk fibroin, and aloe vera. Growth factors were introduced using diverse methods, including microspheres, chemical grafting, covalent coupling, protein carriers, and nanohydroxyapatite mesopores. Most studies reported enhanced bone regeneration, although differences in models, scaffold composition, and delivery methods preclude definitive conclusions. The addition of growth factors generally improved osteoblast proliferation, angiogenesis, bone density, and expression of osteogenic markers (RunX2, COL1, OPN, OCN). Combining two bioactive agents further amplified osteoinduction and vascularization. Sustained-release systems, particularly those using heparin or hydroxyapatite, prolonged biological activity and improved regenerative outcomes. In conclusion, functionalization of chitosan-based scaffolds with growth factors shows promising potential for bone regeneration. Controlled-release systems and combinations of different bioactive molecules may offer synergistic effects on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Further research should focus on optimizing scaffold compositions and delivery methods to tailor bioactive agent release for specific clinical applications.

Instrument fracture during endodontic treatment significantly compromises treatment outcomes, with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and other irrigants potentially affecting the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary files. This systematic review evaluated the impact of endodontic irrigants on NiTi instrument durability. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and WorldCat databases through June 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi rotary instruments exposed to various irrigants were included. Twenty-seven in vitro studies met the inclusion criteria, involving instruments across multiple file systems and irrigant solutions. The review revealed that NaOCl, particularly at concentrations ≥5% and elevated temperatures, significantly reduced cyclic fatigue resistance in most studies, with scanning electron microscopy confirming surface corrosion and microcrack formation. Heat-treated NiTi alloys demonstrated superior fatigue resistance compared to conventional austenitic alloys. Short-term NaOCl exposure (1–5 min) showed minimal impact, while prolonged exposure combined with autoclave sterilization produced cumulative weakening effects. Alternative irrigants such as EDTA and chlorhexidine showed more neutral effects on instrument integrity. These findings suggest that irrigant selection and exposure protocols significantly influence NiTi instrument longevity, with implications for clinical endodontic practice and instrument safety protocols.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate and summarize the available evidence on the effects of light-based applications, including laser irradiation on fibroblast responses to zirconia surfaces. Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and WorldCat databases. After duplicate removal and eligibility screening, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only in vitro and animal studies assessing fibroblast behavior on zirconia after light- or laser-based surface irradiation were included. Due to heterogeneity in study designs and parameters, data were qualitatively synthesized. Results: All included studies confirmed the biocompatibility of laser-modified zirconia surfaces. Various laser systems—including Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, Nd:YAG, diode, excimer, and femtosecond lasers—were investigated. Most studies reported enhanced fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and cytoskeletal organization compared with untreated controls. Two of the included studies demonstrated an antibacterial effect of erbium lasers treatment on zirconia surfaces. However, outcomes varied depending on the laser parameters, irradiation energy, and zirconia type used. Conclusions: Laser-based surface modification of zirconia appears safe and biocompatible, with evidence indicating favorable effects on fibroblast adhesion, proliferation, and organization. While these findings are promising for optimizing soft-tissue integration around zirconia implant abutments, further standardized and long-term studies are necessary to determine optimal laser settings and confirm clinical applicability.

Introduction: Fluoride varnishes are widely used in caries prevention, but the rate and duration of fluoride ion release differ depending on material composition and environmental factors. Objectives: This systematic review synthesized evidence from in vitro studies on human teeth to identify key factors influencing fluoride release. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in July 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using the terms “fluoride release” AND “varnish” in titles and abstracts. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, predefined eligibility criteria, and was structured according to the PICO framework. Of 484 retrieved records, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively. Results: The primary outcome was the magnitude and duration of fluoride release from varnishes. Most studies reported peak release within the first 24 h, followed by a marked decline, although some formulations (e.g., Clinpro XT and Duraphat) maintained more stable long-term release. Substantial methodological heterogeneity was observed across studies, including differences in sample type, storage medium, pH, temperature, and measurement protocols, which influenced fluoride release dynamics. Reported secondary outcomes included enamel remineralization, changes in surface properties, and antibacterial activity, with bioactive additives such as CPP–ACP and TCP enhancing preventive effects. Acidic conditions consistently increased fluoride release. Conclusions: The magnitude and persistence of fluoride release from varnishes depend on both intrinsic material properties and external environmental conditions. Bioactive additives may prolong fluoride availability and provide additional preventive benefits.

Introduction: Fluoride-releasing sealants play a crucial role in caries prevention by providing both mechanical protection and controlled ion release. However, the rate and duration of fluoride emission vary depending on material composition and environmental conditions. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify and analyze factors influencing fluoride release and recharge capacity from contemporary dental sealants. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in September 2025 across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and WorldCat using the keywords “fluoride release” AND “sealant.” Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and predefined PICO-based eligibility criteria. Out of the 375 records initially identified, 16 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were incorporated into the qualitative analysis. Results: Glass-ionomer and resin-modified glass-ionomer sealants (e.g., Fuji VII, Fuji IX, Fuji II LC, Ketac Molar, Vitremer) consistently demonstrated higher fluoride release and superior recharge capacity compared with resin-based sealants (e.g., Clinpro, Helioseal F, BeautiSealant). Most studies reported a biphasic fluoride-release pattern, characterized by an initial burst within the first 24–48 h followed by a slower, sustained phase lasting several weeks. Environmental parameters, including storage medium, pH, and temperature, significantly affected fluoride-release kinetics. Additional outcomes such as enamel remineralization, antibacterial activity, microleakage, and surface hardness were also reported. Conclusions: Both material composition and environmental factors substantially influence fluoride release from dental sealants. Glass-ionomer–based materials demonstrate more durable and higher fluoride release, with acidic conditions enhancing ion diffusion. Clinically, these materials are particularly beneficial for patients at high caries risk, whereas resin-based sealants remain preferable in low-risk cases due to better retention and esthetics.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the skeletal stability, predictability, and safety of using autogenous iliac crest bone grafts (ICBG) during large maxillary advancement performed with Le Fort I osteotomy. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in November 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and WorldCat databases. Clinical studies reporting large maxillary advancement performed with Le Fort I osteotomy and incorporating ICBG were included. Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction focused on the magnitude of maxillary advancement, surgical protocols, stabilization methods, skeletal stability, relapse patterns, graft integration, implant-related outcomes, and complications. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Results: The review included clinical studies predominantly consisting of case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort studies. ICBG were consistently used in complex clinical scenarios, such as severe maxillary atrophy, hypoplasia, and congenital craniofacial deformities. Large maxillary advancements were generally associated with favorable postoperative skeletal stability, with most relapse occurring during the early healing phase and minimal changes observed during long-term follow-up when rigid fixation and adequate graft integration were achieved. Interpositional grafting facilitated predictable advancement by bridging extensive osteotomy gaps. Donor-site morbidity related to iliac crest harvesting was typically mild and transient. Implant-related outcomes, reported as secondary findings, were generally favorable when implants were placed after an adequate healing period. Conclusions: Despite predominantly observational evidence, ICBG during large maxillary advancement with Le Fort I osteotomy appears to offer predictable advancement, acceptable skeletal stability, and a favorable safety profile, warranting further prospective investigation.