This study evaluated the molecular resistance profile to insecticides and the genetic diversity of Anopheles albimanus populations from malaria endemic comarcas in Panama, a country in Mesoamerica aiming to eliminate local malaria transmission. Molecular screening was performed in 891 An. albimanus, distributed in 162 pools, and collected between 2011 and 2023. Pools were molecularly examined to detect natural infection with Plasmodium and sequenced to assess mutations in genes (vgsc, ace-1 and rdl) associated with resistance to commonly used insecticides. A high molecular infection rate by Plasmodium vivax was detected in all comarcas throughout the study period, and P. falciparum infections were detected in the last two years (2022–2023) in the east region. Mutations associated with pyrethroids/DDT resistance (H973Y and L1014F/C) and to organophosphorus/carbamate resistance (G119S) were detected at high frequencies (50.8% and 70%, respectively) in eastern comarcas but were absent from comarcas located west of the Panama Canal. Mutations in the rdl gene, associated with resistance to cyclodienes and neonicotinoids, were also frequently present. Anopheles populations from the western side were highly homogenous, suggesting a clonal expansion, contrasting with eastern samples, which exhibited a high genetic diversity. Our study provides a valuable baseline for planning future molecular vector surveillance studies in the region. It also provides valuable information to the vector control program in Panama to guide insecticide selection for IRS.

The activation of public housing states from the 70s and 80s decades, currently under vulnerability processes, presents itself as a form of urban sustainability that takes advantage of existing buildings and infrastructure for the generation of quality housing and habitat. A small scale project is proposed here as an intervention strategy. Micro-actions based on the incorporation of activating elements, capable of generating greater unfolding in the different scales of the housing state, through the co-operative participation of its dwellers, creating a renovated bond with objects and spaces in the state. The investigation addresses 9 housing states in Montevideo and in this article we focus on the exteriority of domestic sceneries, understood as living the outdoors. Looking out the window, going out to the balcony, to the ground foor, walking along a corridor street, going through internal paths until reaching an urban street; daily experiences based on having the user as the center. A bridge is a man crossing a bridge.

Los cuatro principios de habitabilidad sostenible: exterioridad, diversidad, sociabilidad y confortabilidad presentados en este trabajo surgen de la observación minuciosa de la realidad de los conjuntos habitacionales vulnerables mediante la aplicación de un método de análisis multiescalar-multitemático (MAM). El análisis deviene en lecturas y estas en oportunidades que promueven acciones que tienden a transformar favorablemente el universo diario de los habitantes de los conjuntos porque permiten vivir afuera, vivir diferente, vivir con otros y vivir cómodo, unas condiciones tan elementales –humanas– como imprescindibles. La activación de los conjuntos vulnerables es una forma de entender la sostenibilidad urbano-edilicia que potencia el patrimonio residencial construido, apoyada en la idea de la continuidad del proyecto, la preservación de las comunidades y la construcción de la ciudad como un proceso constante y acumulativo. Los microproyectos, que denominamos activadores, son acciones capaces de generar activaciones inmediatas y directas en distintas escalas del conjunto, desde la intimidad de la habitación hasta el barrio. En este sentido, el microproyecto coloca al usuario en el centro, lo hace partícipe y le proporciona condiciones de habitabilidad sostenible.

Neospora caninum is known to manipulate host cell organelles and recruit lipids for its survival. However, the impact of this lipid redistribution on host cell membranes remains poorly understood. This study used LAURDAN fluorescence, hyperspectral imaging, and phasor plot analysis to investigate how N. caninum modifies membrane order in Vero cells. The results revealed a significant decrease in host cell plasma and internal membrane order upon infection, suggesting that cholesterol is redistributed from the host plasma membrane to the parasitophorous vacuoles. To mimic cholesterol depletion, uninfected cells were treated with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD), which increased membrane fluidity. Conversely, replenishing infected cells with cholesterol-loaded MBCD restored membrane fluidity to levels lower than control cells, indicating cholesterol enrichment. These findings provide novel insights into how N. caninum modulates host cell membrane dynamics through lipid manipulation, potentially aiding its intracellular survival.

This study evaluated the molecular resistance profile to insecticides and the genetic diversity of Anopheles albimanus populations from malaria endemic comarcas in Panama, a country in Mesoamerica aiming to eliminate local malaria transmission. Molecular screening was performed in 891 An. albimanus, distributed in 162 pools, collected between 2011 and 2023. Pools were molecularly examined to detect natural infection with Plasmodium and sequenced to assess mutations in genes (vgsc, ace-1 and rdl) associated with resistance to commonly used insecticides. A high molecular infection rate by Plasmodium vivax was detected in all comarcas throughout the study period, and P. falciparum infections were detected in the last two years (2022-2023) in the east region. Mutations associated with pyrethroids/DDT resistance (H973Y and L1014F/C) and to organophosphorus/carbamate resistance (G119S) were detected at high frequencies (50.8% and 70%, respectively) in eastern comarcas but were absent in comarcas located west of the Panama Canal. Mutations in the rdl gene, associated with resistance to cyclodienes and neonicotinoids, were also frequently present. Anopheles populations from the western side were highly homogenous, suggesting a clonal expansion, contrasting with eastern samples the exhibited a high genetic diversity. Our study provides a valuable baseline for planning future molecular vector surveillance studies in the region. It also provides valuable information to the vector control program in Panama to guide insecticide selection for IRS.