Since market behavior is volatile, this research intends to help investors and business organizations make forecasts with certainty and, as a consequence, with the least possible error in order to succeed in the management of their projects and operations. Elements such as inflation rate, exchange rate, stock prices, economic and financial results, sales, among other variables, are causes of concern for investors. Due to their data structure, these financial instruments correspond to time series, which take values or realizations along time and are spaced over time. The previous behavior of the series is used to forecast its value, return and volatility. It must be taken into consideration that forecasting using traditional techniques might result in imprecisions, so it is necessary to forecast using econometric models because of their robustness and precision. These are also known as univariate time series models.

De acuerdo con la investigación sobre comportamiento financiero, las personas con limitaciones financieras tomarán decisiones irracionales perjudicando a sí mismos y a su entorno, sobre todo en momentos de alta volatilidad del mercado. Este trabajo analiza mediante modelamiento multinivel y de regresión estructural, las variables que predicen la competencia financiera de estudiantes peruanos en PISA 2018. Fueron consideradas como predictoras, las siguientes variables: posesión familiar y recursos en el hogar, el índice socioeconómico y educativo (ESCS), la experiencia y alfabetización financiera, y el logro académico en matemáticas y en lectura. Según los modelos multinivel, las variables educación financiera y la media del índice de estatus económico, social y educativo (MESCS) son fuertes predictores del logro financiero, después de las variables logro en matemática y en lectura. Estos resultados confirman el efecto principal de las competencias cognitivas para explicar la competencia financiera, seguido por el índice socioeconómico y la educación financiera.

En el cultivo de arúgulas vía hidroponía, la deficiencia de hierro (Fe), en comparación con las deficiencias de magnesio (Mg) y manganeso (Mn), es un factor importante que ocasiona la clorosis de sus hojas. En el presente estudio se aplicó un diseño experimental, donde se usaron bloques completos al azar con cuatro grupos conformados por seis plantas cada uno: tres grupos experimentales (GE) y un grupo control (GC). Se tomaron las precauciones para que las variables intervinientes como la oxigenación artificial y el tiempo no afectaran el resultado del experimento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la deficiencia de Fe, Mg y Mn en cada tratamiento influye en la aparición de clorosis en las hojas. Asimismo, se evidencia que la escasez de oxigenación y el exceso de macronutrientes influyen en la clorosis y necrosis de las arúgulas respectivamente.

Las crisis económicas y financieras en el mundo son recurrentes por la presentación de diversos patrones. Estas crisis han afectado las rentabilidades del sistema privado de pensiones del Perú, sin respuestas efectivas por parte de las Administradoras de Fondos de Pensiones (AFP). Con la metodología Box y Jenkins o modelo autorregresivo integrado de promedio móvil (ARIMA) se describe y pronostica, por cada AFP, el comportamiento de las rentabilidades del promedio mensual de los valores cuota diarios del fondo tipo 2, que inició en diciembre del 2005. Las inversiones de este fondo están distribuidas en 55% en renta fija y 45% en renta variable, con un perfil balanceado destinado a trabajadores entre 45 a 60 años. El tipo de dato de las rentabilidades del promedio mensual del fondo tipo 2 corresponde a series de tiempo estacionarias en sentido débil, pues los primeros momentos como la media, y la varianza y la autocovarianza son invariantes en el tiempo.

The female oral tradition of harawi constitutes a living cultural expression in Quechua-speaking Andean communities, where song is configured as an instrument of collective memory and identity. This study aimed to understand how women, through harawi, construct spaces of cultural resistance in the face of processes of forgetting and social transformation. A qualitative approach was adopted, using an ethnographic and phenomenological design. Data collection was conducted over a period of one hundred and twenty days through semi-structured interviews, participant and non-participant observation, audiovisual recording, and documentary review. The findings show that harawi not only preserves ancestral knowledge but also strengthens female identity and the intergenerational transmission of the Quechua language. Subtle forms of symbolic resistance to linguistic and cultural stigmatization were identified. It is concluded that female harawi oral tradition constitutes a mechanism of living memory and an active practice of cultural affirmation in Andean communities.

This study proposes an integrated quantitative framework combining the Altman Z″-score with Binary Segmentation change-point detection—using a least squares cost function—to examine corporate financial distress as a dynamic regime-shifting process amenable to structural analysis, addressing the gap in longitudinal distress monitoring for capital-intensive firms in emerging markets. The framework formally minimizes a piecewise least squares cost function over a financial time series of 56 consecutive quarterly observations (2011Q1–2024Q4), identifying endogenous breakpoints that delimit regimes internally homogeneous in mean level of financial deterioration. Because these breakpoints are selected endogenously, standard Chow test critical values are complemented by a supremum-Wald test accounting for the search over candidate break locations, which confirms the presence of at least one genuine structural break (sup-Wald = 38.61, exceeding the 1% asymptotic critical value). The framework is applied to Telefónica del Perú S. A. A.—a publicly listed capital-intensive telecommunications operator that filed a request to enter insolvency restructuring proceedings in February 2025—providing an empirical case with a formally observable ex post validation event. Five endogenously detected breakpoints—located at 2013Q2, 2014Q3, 2018Q2, 2020Q4, and 2022Q1—delimit six structurally differentiated regimes, with mean Z″-score values evolving from 1.58 (phase 1: moderate vulnerability) to a transitory peak of 2.42 (phase 2: transitory stability peak), followed by a progressive decline to 0.60 (phase 3: transition to distress), −0.29 (phase 4: structural distress onset), −1.40 (phase 5: accelerated deterioration), to −2.52 (phase 6: severe terminal distress). Under the primary market-value specification, persistent financial distress signals were observable from 2015Q2—a horizon that emerges naturally from the longitudinal depth of the analysis and exceeds the anticipatory windows typically documented in prior retrospective studies on corporate financial distress. These findings demonstrate that integrating change-point detection algorithms with accounting-based financial indicators substantially enriches the dynamic interpretation of insolvency risk trajectories beyond static classification approaches. A sensitivity analysis comparing market-value and book-value specifications of the model confirms that the identified structural breakpoints are robust to this methodological choice, although the resulting Z″-score levels and distress-zone classifications are specific to the market-value specification adopted as primary in this study, addressing a gap not systematically tested in prior applied literature. The proposed framework offers a replicable mathematical approach for longitudinal monitoring applicable to comparable capital-intensive firms in emerging markets.