We report on apparent temporal progression of probable sources of infection and transmission routes for global human toxoplasmosis outbreaks as described in published articles. We searched the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for articles on Toxoplasma, toxoplasmosis, and outbreaks. We found that transmission routes for Toxoplasma gondii varied by decade. In the 1960s and 1990s, toxoplasmosis outbreaks mainly occurred through ingestion of cysts in meat and meat derivatives; in the 1980s, through milk contaminated with tachyzoites; in 2000, due to the presence of oocysts in water, sand, and soil; and in 2010, due to oocysts in raw fruits and vegetables. Our study suggests a possible change in the epidemiology of reported toxoplasmosis outbreaks. Because of this change, we suggest that greater attention be paid to the disinfection of vegetables, as well as to the quality of water used for drinking and irrigation.

The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with vegetable contamination with zoonotic protozoan. Samples of water, soil and vegetables were collected from July/2014 to May/2016, totaling 83 samples, 21 properties of Londrina region, Paraná, Brazil. DNA amplification of Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in the samples was conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR results were positive for T. gondii in 12.9% (8/62), Cryptosporidium spp. in 11.3% (7/62) and G. intestinalis in 25.8% (16/62) of the samples. DNA sequencing identified C. parvum in five samples and G. intestinalis Assemblage E in three. The statistical associations demonstrated greater probability of positive samples for T. gondii and for at least one of the three protozoa when the source of irrigation water was the river; a greater chance of positive samples for Cryptosporidium spp. when deer were present on the property; and a smaller chance of positive samples for at least one of the three etiologic agents when soil was supplemented with limestone. The results expose some critical contamination points, providing support for training farmers on good management practices during the production process.

This study evaluated the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira spp. in dogs from Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used to detect antibodies anti-T.gondii and anti-N. caninum. Immunoenzymatic assay and microscopic serum agglutination were used for screening antibodies anti-T.gondii and anti-Leptospira spp., respectively. The results were: 67.02% of the samples reactive for T.gondii and 1.38% for N. caninum, both without statistically significant variables. For Leptospira spp. the results indicated seroprevalence of 23.11%. The analysis of the variables without distinction of serovar showed association for intrinsic characteristics as breed, age, nutritional status and dog category. The extrinsic variables as city region and access to the street presented association (p<0.05). The most prevalent serovars were: Canicola 59.47%; Bratislava 13.07% and Butembo 15.68%. Variables that make up the adjusted multiple analysis model using Leptospira spp. were: age, breed and nutritional status; serovar Canicola, sex, nutritional status and area (p<0.05); serovar Bratislava, lymphadenomegaly and presence of fleas (p<0.05). Given the results obtained, dogs can be used as sentinels for toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in Foz do Iguaçu and other cities with similar outcomes. In addition, preventive measures should be taken by health authorities because they are zoonoses and humans are also at risk.

Entamoeba spp. são protozoários transmitidos pela ingestão de água e alimentos contaminados por cistos, causando, principalmente, alterações gastrointestinais em humanos e animais. Apenas as espécies Entamoeba coli e Entamoeba histolytica possuem relevância na medicina veterinária. Apesar dos cães portadores não serem capazes de infectar outros animais ou seres humanos, sua importância não deve ser negligenciada, pois sua presença indica precariedade nas condições higiênico-sanitárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o perfil de cães parasitados por Entamoeba spp. residentes no município de Londrina e região, atendidos em hospital veterinário escola, durante os anos de 2020-2022. No total, foram analisados dados de 42 cães, sendo possível observar, após mapeamento dos endereços, uma distribuição homogênea de animais positivos no município. Em relação aos anos, observou-se aumento de 27,7% de casos relatados entre os anos de 2020 e 2021. Foi encontrado maior prevalência em fêmeas com 64,3% (27/42) e adultos, 45,2% (19/42). Vacinação e desverminação não foram realizadas em 66,7% e 47,6% dos animais. Êmese, 71,4% (30/42), apatia, 66,7% (28/42) e hematoquezia, 57,1% (24/42) foram os sinais clínicos mais comuns. Tendo em vista seu reflexo na saúde única é fundamental o controle epidemiológico deste parasita. Dessa forma, é necessária uma participação ativa dos médicos veterinários para conscientização dos tutores sobre a epidemiologia da afecção, pois dessa forma poderemos contribuir para a formação de cidadãos mais conscientes e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais. Palavras-chave: Ameba. Diarreia. Parasitos Intestinais. Saúde Única AbstractEntamoeba spp. are protozoa transmitted through the ingestion of water and food contaminated with cysts, mainly causing gastrointestinal disorders in humans and animals. Only Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica species have relevance in veterinary medicine. Although carrier dogs are not capable of infecting other animals or humans, their importance should not be neglected as their presence indicates poor hygienic-sanitary conditions. The aim of this study was to report the profile of dogs parasitized by Entamoeba spp. residing in the municipality of Londrina and surrounding areas, treated at a veterinary teaching hospital during the years 2020-2022. A total of 42 dogs' data were analyzed, and it was possible to observe, after mapping the addresses, a homogeneous distribution of positive animals in the municipality. Regarding the years, an increase of 27.7% in reported cases was observed between 2020 and 2021. Higher prevalence was found in females with 64.3% (27/42) and adults with 45.2% (19/42). Vaccination and deworming were not performed in 66.7% and 47.6% of the animals, respectively. Vomiting, 71.4% (30/42), apathy, 66.7% (28/42), and bloody stools, 57.1% (24/42), were the most common clinical signs. Considering its impact on One Health, it is essential to control the epidemiology of this parasite. Thus, active participation of veterinarians is necessary to raise awareness among pet owners about the epidemiology of the infection, as this can contribute to the formation of more conscientious citizens and improve the quality of life for animals. Keywords: Ameba. Diarrhea. Instestinal Parasites. One health.