Microplastics (MPs) are considered an emerging issue as environmental pollutants and a potential health threat. This review will focus on recently published data on concentrations in food, possible effects, and monitoring methods. Some data are available on concentrations in seafood (fish, bivalves, and shrimps), water, sugar, salt, and honey, but are lacking for other foods. Bottled water is a considerable source with numbers varying between 2600 and 6300 MPs per liter. Particle size distributions have revealed an abundance of particles smaller than 25 µm, which are considered to have the highest probability to pass the intestinal border and to enter the systemic circulation of mammals. Some studies with mice and zebrafish with short- or medium-term exposure (up to 42 days) have revealed diverse results with respect to both the type and extent of effects. Most notable modifications have been observed in gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. The principal elements of MP monitoring in food are sample preparation, detection, and identification. Identified data gaps include a lack of occurrence data in plant- and animal-derived food, a need for more data on possible effects of different types of microplastics, a lack of in silico models, a lack of harmonized monitoring methods, and a further development of quality assurance.

Detection and characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex media as consumer products, food and toxicological test media is an essential part of understanding the potential benefits and risks of the application of nanoparticles. Single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS) was studied as a screening tool for the detection and characterization of nanoparticles in complex matrices such as food and biological tissues. A data evaluation tool was created for the calculation of particle size, concentration and size distribution from the raw data. spICP-MS measurements were carried out on a standard quadrupole instrument as well as on a sector-field instrument. Performance characteristics were determined for four types of NPs. For the quadrupole instrument the size detection limits were 20 nm (Au and Ag), 50 (TiO₂) and 200 nm (SiO₂). For the sector-field instrument size detection limits are lower, 10 nm (Au). Concentration detection limits ranged from 1 ng L⁻¹ for 60 nm Au NPs to 0.1 μg L⁻¹ for 500 nm SiO₂ particles. The dynamic range of spICP-MS is limited to two orders of magnitude and as a consequence sample dilution is often required. The precision of the method was found to be <5% and <10% for the determination of particle size and concentration, respectively while the accuracy for particle size (Au NP only) was <10%. The robustness against potential sample matrix components was investigated. The applicability to routine samples was demonstrated by four examples (food, waste water, culture media and biological tissues). The presented combination of spICP-MS measurements with a powerful data evaluation tool enables the use of this technique as a fast, cost efficient and easy to use screening tool for metal and metal oxide NPs that can be widely implemented in the statutory monitoring of food and consumer products for the presence of NPs, as well as in the analytical evaluation of toxicological studies.

Synthetic Amorphous Silica (SAS) is commonly used in food and drugs. Recently, a consumer intake of silica from food was estimated at 9.4 mg/kg bw/day, of which 1.8 mg/kg bw/day was estimated to be in the nano-size range. Food products containing SAS have been shown to contain silica in the nanometer size range (i.e. 5 – 200 nm) up to 43% of the total silica content. Concerns have been raised about the possible adverse effects of chronic exposure to nanostructured silica.