Micro/nanorobots are functional devices in microns, at nanoscale, which enable efficient propulsion through chemical reactions or external physical field, including ultrasonic, optical, magnetic, and other external fields, as well as microorganisms. Compared with traditional robots, micro/nanorobots can perform various tasks on the micro/nanoscale, which has the advantages of high precision, strong flexibility, and wide adaptability. In addition, such robots can also perform tasks in a cluster manner. The design and development of micro/nanorobots and the integration of surface functionalization, remote drive system, and imaging tracking technology will become a key step for their medical applications in organisms. Thus, micro/nanorobots are expected to achieve more efficient and accurate local diagnosis and treatment, and they have broad application prospects in the biomedical field. This paper aims to introduce relevant driving methods of micro/nanorobots preparation in detail, summarizes the progress of research in medical applications, and discusses the challenges it faces in clinical applications and the future direction of development.

To explore better methods of natural protein modification for black soybean, comparisons among the effects of different modified methods on structural changes of the modified products of black soybean protein isolate (BSPI) were carried out in this study. The modified products used in this study included enzymatic crossing-link black soybean protein isolate (ECBSPI), wet heating treatment glycosylation black soybean protein isolate (WHTGBSPI) and especially enzymatic glycosylation black soybean protein isolate catalyzed by transglutaminase (EGBSPI). The effects of the modification methods on structural changes were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), amino acid content and circular dichroism (CD) analysis. Moreover, the processing properties changes caused by structural changes of BSPI were detected by thermogravimetric analysis, particle size analysis, zeta-potential, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, emulsification, gelation, and rheological properties. The results show that the modified BSPI products were protein polymers, and among them, EGBSP and WHTGBSPI are covalently bonded glycation products. Products modified by Maillard reactions and transglutaminase (TG) display partly destroyed α-helix and β-sheet structures that form more open secondary BSPI structures. For ECBSPI, the proportion of irregular crimp structure reduces to form a high order secondary structure. All the modified products form fine aggregations in dispersion, except WHTGBSPI has most negative zeta-potential and least molecular stability due to the hydrophobic amino acids embedded in the protein molecules. The zeta-potentials of BSPI, ECBSPI, WHTGBSPI and EGBSPI are respectively −21.5, −23.8, −18.1 and −20.2 mV. The surface hydrophobicity of EGBSPI (5.07 ± 0.07) and WHTGBSPI (7.02 ± 0.05) decrease, while the surface hydrophobicity of ECBSPI (19.5 ± 0.06) increases. The solubility and rheological properties of EGBSPI, ECBSPI and WHTGBSPI after modification are all better than those of BSPI, especially EGBSPI. Emulsification of EGBSPI and WHTGBSPI increase (by 24.5% and 12.2%, respectively) while ECBSPI decrease (by 17.0), and there is similar emulsion stability trend. Moreover, the properties of ECBSPI increase except cohesiveness compared to BSPI. In conclusion, as a safe and efficient method for natural protein modification, enzymatic glycosylation catalyzed by TG has great potential in improving food processing characteristics.

In order to investigate the effect of protein structure changes on the texture of scallop adductor muscles under ultra-high pressure, the protein structure, hardness, elasticity, cohesion, and chewing properties of untreated scallops maintained at 200 MPa for 60 s, 120 s, and 180 s were measured and compared. At the same time, sensory indicators were evaluated to verify the effect of ultra-high pressure treatment on the quality of scallop adductor muscles. The results indicated that the mass fraction of the α-helix was decreased by 13.70% and the mass fraction of β–folding was 2.72 times higher in the adductor muscle of scallops compared to the fresh adducts without ultra-high pressure treatment, maintained for 180 s at an ultra-high pressure of 200 MPa. At the same time, the value of I₈₅₀/I₈₃₀ of protein tyrosine residues was 1.094, which weakened the water retention ability of the protein, the elasticity of the scallop adduct was reduced from the original 7.16 N to 6.17 N, the cohesion was reduced by 3.76%, and the hardness was increased by 17.45%. This improved the cooking quality of scallops, which was consistent with the sensory evaluation results. Therefore, under ultra-high pressure treatment, changes in the protein structure of the adductor muscle of scallops had a certain impact on their texture, which was able to provide support for in-depth research on the mechanism of ultra-high pressure action.

Because of their high nutritional value, the demand for scallops is increasing year by year. In the process of improving people’s living standards, the ready-to-eat characteristics and dry sales characteristics of this product make its shelling process particularly important in the production process. However, the mechanism of ultra-high pressure shelling has not yet been clarified. Therefore, in-depth study of the structural change of the scallop connection interface is of vital importance to explore the mechanism of ultra-high pressure shelling and the development of intelligent equipment from the mechanical point of view. The obturator muscle fibers and the inner surface materials of the shell at the obturator muscle scar of the scallop at 100, 200 and 300 MPa were obtained for Raman spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that under the pressure of 200 MPa, the degree of protein denaturation of scallop adductor muscle increased, the elasticity disappeared, and the fiber was stretched; The deformation of the organic plasma membrane connected by the inorganic–organic interface weakens the binding force of the interface material and increases the possibility of the composite interface failure. To sum up, ultra-high pressure can effectively weaken the interface adhesion of scallop organic-inorganic composite materials, and is one of the effective ways of shelling. The research results can provide a basis for the in-depth analysis of ultra-high pressure mechanisms and the development of intelligent equipment, and provide technical support for the realization of ultra-high-pressure industrial production.

Shell is a typical biomineralized inorganic–organic composite material. The essence of scallop deshelling is caused by the fracture failure at the interface of the organic and inorganic–organic matter composites. The constitutive equations were solved so that the stress distributions of the adductor in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions were obtained as σ_r = σ_θ = P, σ_z = 2(2 − ν)P/(2ν − 1), and the shear stress was τ_zr = 0. Using the method of finite element simulation analysis, the stress distribution laws at different interface states were obtained. The experimental results show that when the amplitude is constant, the undulation period is smaller than the diameter of the adductor or the angle between the bus of the adductor, and the reference horizontal plane gradually decreases, so the interface is more likely to yield. After the analysis, the maximum stress for the yielding of the scallop interface was about 247 MPa, and the whole deshelling process was gradually spread from the outer edge of the interface to the center. The study analyzed the scallop organic–inorganic material interface from the perspective of mechanics, and the mechanical model and simulation analysis results were consistent with the parameter optimization results, which can provide some theoretical basis for the composite material interface failure and in-depth research.

Cancer continues to present a profound challenge due to high mortality and the inherent limitations of conventional treatments, including suboptimal targeting, systemic toxicity, and difficulty in overcoming physiological barriers. Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) offer a promising enhanced precision and efficacy in cancer therapy. This review systematically analyzes recent advancements in MNR applications, establishing a consistent framework that interlinks their diverse material compositions, propulsion strategies, and therapeutic functions. We critically compare various materials (inorganic, organic/polymeric, and biological/hybrid materials), elucidating their respective trade-offs in biocompatibility, biodegradability, and stimulus responsiveness. This paper further examines both internal (chemical and biological) and external (magnetic, light, and ultrasound) propulsion mechanisms, highlighting their strengths in overcoming biological barriers and enabling complex in vivo navigation, while also discussing their inherent limitations in control, fuel dependency, and tissue penetration. We then synthesize the therapeutic capabilities of MNRs across targeted drug delivery, phototherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, emphasizing common advantages like enhanced tumor specificity and reduced systemic side effects. A forward-looking perspective was also provided on the remaining challenges, particularly focusing on in vivo controllability, long-term biosafety, manufacturing scalability, and the significant hurdles in clinical translation. By offering a more critical and integrated analysis, this review underscores the immense potential of MNRs to revolutionize personalized precision cancer treatment, while candidly addressing the complex obstacles that must be surmounted for their successful clinical adoption.