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Dr. Anastasia Christodoulou has been a Research Associate at World Maritime University in Malmö, Sweden since August 2020. Her main research interests include short sea shipping, sustainable maritime development, maritime energy management, green ports, maritime economics logistics, and multimodal supply chains. Prior to joining the WMU, Dr. Anastasia Christodoulou worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the School of Business, Economics & Law at the University of Gothenburg. During her career and studies, Dr. Anastasia Christodoulou was awarded with a Lighthouse Swedish Maritime Competence Centre Fellowship for postdoctoral research as well as a State Scholarship Foundation of Greece Fellowship for Phd thesis dissertation. She holds a PhD in Maritime Studies from the University of Piraeus, Greece. Dr. Anastasia Christodoulou is a member of the World Conference of Transport Research Society and the International Association of Maritime Economists.
This paper aims to assess the direct economic impact on the maritime sector from its inclusion in the European Union-Emission Trading System (EU-ETS). The Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) data are analysed for the estimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the European Economic Area (EEA). The economic impact assessment model used is scenario-based, and includes different price incentives, geographical coverage and emission allowances allocation methods. According to our findings, in case the emission allowances are fully auctioned or partially free allocated on the basis of a uniform benchmark, the increased costs would be disproportional among the maritime segments. Such a scheme would penalise Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) and Roll-On/Roll-Off/Passenger (RoPax) segments due their high fuel consumption per transport work in relation to oil tankers and bulkers. The establishment of differentiated benchmarks per segment seems to be a prerequisite for the effective inclusion of shipping in the EU-ETS that will reward energy efficient vessels in each segment and avoid competition distortion within the maritime industry.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Aykut Ölçer; Peyman Ghaforian Masodzadeh. Inclusion of Shipping in the EU-ETS: Assessing the Direct Costs for the Maritime Sector Using the MRV Data. Energies 2021, 14, 3915 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Aykut Ölçer, Peyman Ghaforian Masodzadeh. Inclusion of Shipping in the EU-ETS: Assessing the Direct Costs for the Maritime Sector Using the MRV Data. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3915.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Aykut Ölçer; Peyman Ghaforian Masodzadeh. 2021. "Inclusion of Shipping in the EU-ETS: Assessing the Direct Costs for the Maritime Sector Using the MRV Data." Energies 14, no. 13: 3915.
The analysis in hand provides a brief assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s marine transportation system and relevant search and rescue (SAR) support in relation to the Northwest Passage, with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant infrastructure resources are able to meet the expected growth of shipping operations and business activities in the Arctic. Through an extensive literature review, this assessment will specifically describe the most important influences upon the maritime transportation system, with the issue of certain geographical details and the capabilities of existing ports standing out. Additionally, vessel activity trends and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives will be examined. Furthermore, the SAR infrastructure details and means to render assistance to people in distress along the Northwest Passage will be discussed. The reality remains that port characteristics are limited and vessel traffic routing measure initiatives and upgrades to SAR assets are commendable but slow-paced. It is true that both the United States and Canada are taking proper measures to build up infrastructure needs, but they both may run out of time to put adequate infrastructure in place to deal effectively with the changing environment.
Rebecca Sheehan; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Anastasia Christodoulou; Megan Drewniak; Peter Raneri; Angelos Dalaklis. The Northwest Passage in the Arctic: A Brief Assessment of the Relevant Marine Transportation System and Current Availability of Search and Rescue Services. Logistics 2021, 5, 23 .
AMA StyleRebecca Sheehan, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Anastasia Christodoulou, Megan Drewniak, Peter Raneri, Angelos Dalaklis. The Northwest Passage in the Arctic: A Brief Assessment of the Relevant Marine Transportation System and Current Availability of Search and Rescue Services. Logistics. 2021; 5 (2):23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebecca Sheehan; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Anastasia Christodoulou; Megan Drewniak; Peter Raneri; Angelos Dalaklis. 2021. "The Northwest Passage in the Arctic: A Brief Assessment of the Relevant Marine Transportation System and Current Availability of Search and Rescue Services." Logistics 5, no. 2: 23.
In recent years, a continuous decline of ice-coverage in the Arctic has been recorded, but these high latitudes are still dominated by earth’s polar ice cap. Therefore, safe and sustainable shipping operations in this still frozen region have as a precondition the availability of ice-breaking support. The analysis in hand provides an assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s polar ice-breaking program with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant resources are able to meet the facilitated growth of industrial interests in the High North. This assessment will specifically focus on the maritime transportation sector along the Northwest Passage and consists of four main sections. The first provides a very brief description of the main Arctic passages. The second section specifically explores the current situation of the Northwest Passage, including the relevant navigational challenges, lack of infrastructure, available routes that may be used for transit, potential choke points, and current state of vessel activity along these routes. The third one examines the economic viability of the Northwest Passage compared to that of the Panama Canal; the fourth and final section is investigating the current and future capabilities of the United States’ and Canada’s ice-breaking fleet. Unfortunately, both countries were found to be lacking the necessary assets with ice-breaking capabilities and will need to accelerate their efforts in order to effectively respond to the growing needs of the Arctic. The total number of available ice-breaking assets is impacting negatively the level of support by the marine transportation system of both the United States and Canada; these two countries are facing the possibility to be unable to effectively meet the expected future needs because of the lengthy acquisition and production process required for new ice-breaking fleets.
Megan Drewniak; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Anastasia Christodoulou; Rebecca Sheehan. Ice-Breaking Fleets of the United States and Canada: Assessing the Current State of Affairs and Future Plans. Sustainability 2021, 13, 703 .
AMA StyleMegan Drewniak, Dimitrios Dalaklis, Anastasia Christodoulou, Rebecca Sheehan. Ice-Breaking Fleets of the United States and Canada: Assessing the Current State of Affairs and Future Plans. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):703.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMegan Drewniak; Dimitrios Dalaklis; Anastasia Christodoulou; Rebecca Sheehan. 2021. "Ice-Breaking Fleets of the United States and Canada: Assessing the Current State of Affairs and Future Plans." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 703.
The integration of shipping into multimodal supply chains represents a major challenge for the transport industry due to the reduced external effects of waterborne transport compared to land-based modes of transport. Roll on-Roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, due to the fast cargo handling and the high frequency of departures. RoRo segment is quite developed in Sweden, representing 22% of the maritime segments, while forestry industry is one of the main shippers of RoRo services in the intra-European trade. This paper analyses the purchasing chain of forestry RoRo shipping services and identifies the determinants that have impact on its competitiveness. 8 semi-structured interviews with RoRo shipping operators, forestry companies and freight forwarders in Sweden were conducted, providing valuable input to this study. A taxonomy of determinant factors in the purchasing process of forestry RoRo shipping services is developed highlighting the interactions between them and drawing attention to the barriers that prevent the further employment of this transport mode. The results suggest that a different management ‘culture’ on carriers-shippers’ relationships and efficient port operations are key determinants for the establishment of successful intermodal RoRo services.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Henrik Kappelin. Determinant factors for the development of maritime supply chains: The case of the Swedish forest industry. Case Studies on Transport Policy 2020, 8, 711 -720.
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Henrik Kappelin. Determinant factors for the development of maritime supply chains: The case of the Swedish forest industry. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 2020; 8 (3):711-720.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Henrik Kappelin. 2020. "Determinant factors for the development of maritime supply chains: The case of the Swedish forest industry." Case Studies on Transport Policy 8, no. 3: 711-720.
The aim of this paper is to analyse shipping firms’ reactions to environmental challenges and identify how significant reductions in energy consumption and air emissions can come about by implementing a variety of voluntary initiatives. The paper focuses on the various sustainability initiatives implemented by the Swedish short sea shipping operator, Stena Line, either on a purely voluntary basis as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy or as their chosen route for compliance with regulations. A conceptual model is developed based on stakeholder theory, the theory of planned behaviour and resource dependence theory to understand the main drivers of the firm’s adoption of sustainability initiatives and the factors affecting the integration of CSR in maritime companies. According to our findings, the company operates within a strongly enforced regulatory environmental framework and needs to exceed this framework to differentiate its service and strengthen its relationships with its customers by addressing their social and environmental concerns. As the firm’s competitive strategy focuses on service differentiation, a large pool of complementary resources is available for CSR and the implementation of sustainability practices. The results of this paper bring new insights to the potential of local private voluntary initiatives for the reduction of maritime air emissions. These include the provision of onshore power supply, the conversion of vessels to use methanol, ferry electrification, the construction of larger RoPax vessels and the implementation of an energy-saving program that focuses on crew involvement and continuous training. The environmental outcomes derived from a combination of local operational and technical energy efficiency measures are found to be significant and can contribute to the efforts for the achievement of sustainable maritime transport undertaken by international and regional organisations. The main barriers for the adoption of voluntary sustainability initiatives in the maritime sector are economic and technological. To encourage the wider adoption of these initiatives, the provision of economic incentives at national or regional level is crucial, as such initiatives usually imply high initial installation costs that should be somehow compensated for both vessels and terminals.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Kevin Cullinane. Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line. Maritime Economics & Logistics 2020, 1 -23.
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Kevin Cullinane. Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line. Maritime Economics & Logistics. 2020; ():1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Kevin Cullinane. 2020. "Potential for, and drivers of, private voluntary initiatives for the decarbonisation of short sea shipping: evidence from a Swedish ferry line." Maritime Economics & Logistics , no. : 1-23.
This chapter focuses on shipping goods short and medium distances, domestically or within an economic region – often referred to as short sea shipping (SSS). It gives an overview of the main SSS segments and particularly elaborates on the two SSS signature segments, roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) shipping and container feeder shipping. Geographically and empirically, the rendering is most detailed for Europe. Trends, prospects and challenges for SSS are explored in a more general context.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Johan Woxenius. Short-distance maritime geographies: short sea shipping, RoRo, feeder and inter-island transport. Geographies of Maritime Transport 2020, 134 -148.
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Johan Woxenius. Short-distance maritime geographies: short sea shipping, RoRo, feeder and inter-island transport. Geographies of Maritime Transport. 2020; ():134-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Johan Woxenius. 2020. "Short-distance maritime geographies: short sea shipping, RoRo, feeder and inter-island transport." Geographies of Maritime Transport , no. : 134-148.
Anastasia Christodoulou. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICES: USEFUL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING TRANSPORT SUPPLIER ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE? Maritime Transport 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou. MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICES: USEFUL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING TRANSPORT SUPPLIER ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE? Maritime Transport. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou. 2019. "MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDICES: USEFUL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING TRANSPORT SUPPLIER ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE?" Maritime Transport , no. : 1.
Climate change is among the greatest environmental threats facing the globe today and the abatement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is concerning all the industrial sectors contributing to the problem. The maritime transport sector has already implemented several measures for energy efficiency for the reduction of its GHG emissions, including both vessels and ports. This paper focuses on the prospects and challenges facing the development of a port energy management system. It analyzes the main factors which exert an impact on such a plan and that need to be taken into account for its successful implementation. A SWOT/PESTLE analysis is utilized for the identification of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors that have a positive or negative effect on the adoption and successful implementation of a port energy management system. This analysis is based on empirical data from two leading North-European port authorities. Given the fact that ports are currently focusing on the reduction of their energy consumption, this paper’s results have particular significance in that they could enlighten and inform the adoption of a port energy management plan within ports.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Kevin Cullinane. Identifying the Main Opportunities and Challenges from the Implementation of a Port Energy Management System: A SWOT/PESTLE Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6046 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Kevin Cullinane. Identifying the Main Opportunities and Challenges from the Implementation of a Port Energy Management System: A SWOT/PESTLE Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6046.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Kevin Cullinane. 2019. "Identifying the Main Opportunities and Challenges from the Implementation of a Port Energy Management System: A SWOT/PESTLE Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6046.
Sustainability in maritime transport has been an issue of major concern during the last decades
Anastasia Christodoulou; Johan Woxenius. Sustainable Short Sea Shipping. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2847 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Johan Woxenius. Sustainable Short Sea Shipping. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Johan Woxenius. 2019. "Sustainable Short Sea Shipping." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2847.
Roll on–roll off (RoRo) shipping represents a maritime segment that could easily form part of an intermodal transport system, as cargo does not need to be lifted in ports; it is ‘rolled’ to and from sea. This paper investigates the operation of RoRo shipping services in Northern Europe, focusing on a set of services chartered by a major shipper whose demand has a great impact on the service design, potentially affecting the frequency of departures and even stipulating the use of specific vessels. The case of cooperation between Stora Enso, a major forest company in Sweden and Finland, and the shipping company Swedish Orient Line (SOL) is analysed, giving some insight into the way these RoRo services operate and manage to integrate successfully into sustainable intermodal transport chains. Despite various initiatives taken by different stakeholders, the level of integration of shipping in intermodal transport chains has been quite slow. This paper’s results could contribute to the identification of barriers that prevent RoRo shipping from being a viable alternative to road transport for certain transport routes and assist in the discovery of policies and incentives that could lead to developing sustainable intermodal transport chains.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Zeeshan Raza; Johan Woxenius. The Integration of RoRo Shipping in Sustainable Intermodal Transport Chains: The Case of a North European RoRo Service. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2422 .
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Zeeshan Raza, Johan Woxenius. The Integration of RoRo Shipping in Sustainable Intermodal Transport Chains: The Case of a North European RoRo Service. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Zeeshan Raza; Johan Woxenius. 2019. "The Integration of RoRo Shipping in Sustainable Intermodal Transport Chains: The Case of a North European RoRo Service." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2422.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
Anastasia Christodoulou; Marta Gonzalez-Aregall; Tobias Linde; Inge Vierth; Kevin Cullinane. Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air. Maritime Business Review 2019, 4, 16 -30.
AMA StyleAnastasia Christodoulou, Marta Gonzalez-Aregall, Tobias Linde, Inge Vierth, Kevin Cullinane. Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air. Maritime Business Review. 2019; 4 (1):16-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Christodoulou; Marta Gonzalez-Aregall; Tobias Linde; Inge Vierth; Kevin Cullinane. 2019. "Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air." Maritime Business Review 4, no. 1: 16-30.
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is an economic community comprised of 16 countries in Southern Africa with a goal to achieve development, peace, security, and economic growth. Developing the regional freight transport system is essential for accomplishing these objectives. This paper investigates the potential of short sea shipping (SSS) in an African context, highlighting policy initiatives related to SSS development and identifying barriers and enablers of SSS to support international trade in the SADC region. According to our findings, SSS has the theoretical potential to work in the SADC given the large geographic region, projected freight volumes, and customs and trade policies the SADC region is pursuing. Such a system would have three main roles: to offer unimodal freight transport between port cities, to offer the main leg of an intermodal route, and to offer feeder services to deep sea shipping in a hub-and-spoke cycle. However, freight transport in the SADC region has a number of shortfalls that need to be addressed—of note, port competitiveness, customs provisions, and policies for intra-regional trade require impetus. Additional work is required in terms of policy to support SSS. Furthermore, considering the importance of synergies, the role of policy makers in improving trust, and developing cooperation among transport chain members needs to be explored.
Abisai Konstantinus; Mark Zuidgeest; Anastasia Christodoulou; Zeeshan Raza; Johan Woxenius. Barriers and Enablers for Short Sea Shipping in the Southern African Development Community. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1532 .
AMA StyleAbisai Konstantinus, Mark Zuidgeest, Anastasia Christodoulou, Zeeshan Raza, Johan Woxenius. Barriers and Enablers for Short Sea Shipping in the Southern African Development Community. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbisai Konstantinus; Mark Zuidgeest; Anastasia Christodoulou; Zeeshan Raza; Johan Woxenius. 2019. "Barriers and Enablers for Short Sea Shipping in the Southern African Development Community." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1532.
One of the most urgent environmental problems facing the shipping industry today is the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from its operations and the possible cost-effective ways in which this reduction could be accomplished. Various technical and operational measures have been proposed as well as market-based instruments for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with these measures. This paper investigates the levels of environmental awareness of the Greek shipping companies and their views and practices on the proposed policies for the reduction of GHG emissions from their ships. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to Greek shipping companies of different sizes, involved in different segments of the marine industry, so that the survey's results not only represent a large part of the Greek shipping industry but also reveal the different environmental attitudes and practices on maritime GHG emissions among the shipping companies. Given the size and the importance of the Greek shipping industry in the international maritime field, this paper's results present a special significance as they could be further analyzed and taken into account for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with any future policy instrument for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions.
Costas Giziakis; Anastasia Christodoulou. Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: the case of the Greek shipping industry. Maritime Policy & Management 2012, 39, 353 -368.
AMA StyleCostas Giziakis, Anastasia Christodoulou. Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: the case of the Greek shipping industry. Maritime Policy & Management. 2012; 39 (3):353-368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostas Giziakis; Anastasia Christodoulou. 2012. "Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: the case of the Greek shipping industry." Maritime Policy & Management 39, no. 3: 353-368.