Mannans are structurally composed of β-(1 → 4)-linked mannose units, which are widely distributed in plant cell walls, yeast, and bacterial exopolysaccharides. Mannans have emerged as multipurpose biopolymers with significant industrial and biomedical potential. Celebrated mannans include guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac glucomannan, yeast mannans, and softwood glucomannans. This comprehensive review highlights the sources, structural diversity, extraction methods, physicochemical properties, safety, and functional characteristics. The major bioactivities of mannans, including immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and prebiotic effects, reflect their relevance in biopharmaceutical applications. Moreover, mannans serve as valuable raw materials for developing biodegradable films, hydrogels, and nanocomposites applied in sustainable materials and drug delivery systems. Despite promising applications, challenges related to their large-scale production, standardization, and functional optimization remain to be investigated. Future perspectives focus on integrating advanced biotechnological approaches and chemical modifications to enhance the functional versatility of mannans. Overall, mannans represent a sustainable, multifunctional biopolymer with expanding applications across food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries.

Mannans are structurally composed of β-(1→4)-linked mannose units, which are widely distributed in plant cell walls, yeast, and bacterial exopolysaccharides. Mannans have emerged as multipurpose biopolymers with significant industrial and biomedical potential. Celebrated mannans include guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac glucomannan, yeast mannans, and softwood glucomannans. This comprehensive review highlights the sources, structural diversity, extraction methods, physicochemical properties, and functional characteristics. The major bioactivities of mannans, including immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and prebiotic effects, reflect their relevance in biopharmaceutical applications. Moreover, mannans serve as valuable raw materials for developing biodegradable films, hydrogels, and nanocomposites applied in sustainable materials and drug delivery systems. Despite promising applications, challenges related to their large-scale production, standardization, and functional optimization remain to be investigated. Future perspectives focus on integrating advanced biotechnological approaches and chemical modifications to enhance the functional versatility of mannans. Overall, mannans represent a sustainable, multifunctional biopolymer with expanding applications across food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries.

Aim: the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) has an important role in diabetes research in last year, diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: a cross sectional study was designed to achieve study goal, glycemic parameters included (fasting blood glucose FBG, glycated protein HbA1c, insulin IN, insulin resistance HOMO-IR and insulin sensitivity IS) were used. . Results: the result found that more DM2 patients were enrolled in poor control (43.8%) while the lower percentage in well control (26.3%). The socio-demographic distribution of study cases according to glycemic control groups showed non-significant differences in all study variables (p>0.05), The glycemic parameters and sleep period means differences in the study groups showed significant differences in FBG and HbA1c level among groups (p =0.000), and sleep period was slight decrease in poor control than other group (p =0.741). The study variables showed non-significant difference according to sleep status groups (p>0.05). FBG, IN, homo-IR and IS show non-sig, while HbA1c was significant (p=0.009). the results found that the sleep category coefficients were non-sig (p>0.05), which indicated no strong statistical differences between sleep categories based on the current predictor, on the other hand the threshold values demonstrate that the glycemic control have curtail role in the differentiating sleep categories. The results of SLC47A2 gene are two intronic variants g. Conclusions: this study conclude that HbA1c is strong predictor of sleep disturbance, indicated the poor glycemic control is associated with worse quality of sleep, other glycemic parameters didn’t show strong association with sleep

Bioelectric signaling plays an essential role in regulating cellular, tissue, and organ functions. Electroceuticals (ECs) are device-mediated interventions that modulate biological activity through controlled electrical stimulation or related neuromodulatory approaches. They have attracted interest as potential therapeutic strategies for complex disorders, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), which involves interconnected metabolic abnormalities and neurophysiological dysregulation, involving pathways associated with autonomic control, inflammation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This narrative review examines the historical development, potential mechanisms, therapeutic applications, technological advances, limitations of ECs in the context of MetS, and identifies priorities for future research. The relevant literature was identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov using related keywords and phrases. The available evidence suggests that EC modalities may influence neuro-metabolic and autonomic pathways relevant to glucose regulation, energy balance, inflammation, and other components of MetS. However, the strength of the evidence varies across interventions and outcomes. Interpretation of clinical findings is complicated by heterogeneous stimulation protocols and the frequent co-administration of dietary interventions, exercise, weight-management strategies, or interventions associated with substantial weight loss. These factors limit the ability to isolate the independent effects of neuromodulation. Further challenges include the absence of standardized stimulation parameters, uncertainty regarding optimal treatment protocols, potential adverse effects, and limited long-term clinical evidence. Accordingly, ECs should currently be considered investigational approaches rather than established treatments for MetS. Well-designed long-term clinical trials are needed to determine their efficacy, safety, durability, and optimal therapeutic parameters.