Soft clay often causes difficulty in construction operations with regards to strength and low hardness properties. Therefore, the need for soil stabilization is crucial in construction to ensure the stability of the soil strength and stiffness for each building to be built. This research was carried out to study the stabilization of clay in Batu Pahat using additional materials namely sodium silicate liquid and biomass silica powder. Soft clay samples were collected from the Research Centre for Soft Soils of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The result shows that the liquid limit of the soil decreases while plastic limit increases with the addition of sodium silicate and biomass silica. As a result, the plasticity index reduces with the increment of both stabilizer's content. The strength increases at as early as 3 days after stabilization and constantly increases from 7 to 28 days curing period. The results of the unconfined compression strength test showed that the optimum amount of this stabilization process for the soil sample was three and nine percents of sodium silicate and biomass silica stabilizers, respectively. Additionally, the voids were filled with a stabilizing substance during the SEM testing. Cementation product was detected via the SEM test as a result of the stabilizer given to treated samples. The EDAX test established that the appearance of the Calcium element in the treated sample is a result of the stabilizer's chemical composition. This study demonstrates how biomass Silica significantly affected the increase in soil strength by creating cementation in the soft clay structure. Furthermore, sodium silicate plays a role in increasing soil strength, largely by acting as a binder between soil particles.

Conflict method is regarded as a viable solution for the drawbacks in the gap-acceptance approach. It has been used for the capacity analysis of unsignalized intersections, which includes the two-way stop-controlled, and the all-way stop-controlled types. This method is now applied for the capacity estimation of vehicular streams at a non-priority intersection, where gap-forcing, poor lane discipline, violation of priority rule, and heterogeneous traffic co-exist. However, there are some issues encountered when applying the conflict method for non-priority intersection analysis, particularly with the occupation time and heterogeneous traffic. The concepts developed for capacity estimation have considered the blocking effect from all possible conflicting streams. Therefore, the additional concept with volume portion, P_n,i is introduced. The probability of non-blocking traffic streams and the portion of consumed shared capacity by the subject stream are analyzed. The portion concept, P_n,i provided a more realistic estimation. The proposed approaches generated high capacity values, even though the observed intersections have near-saturation traffic. A high percentage of small vehicles occupied the lateral lane space, which is permitted by gap-forcing and poor lane discipline, apart from their smaller footprint.

Soil erosion is a common challenge faced by geotechnical engineers, occurrings naturally in the environment due to wind, water, and gravity. The loss of soil from the land surface can be detrimental to both terrestrial and aquatic environments by depleting nutrients, increasing runoff and affecting aquatic life. Plenty of methods that can be used to control soil erosion. One of the common ways is using erosion control mat such as geotextile, turf reinforcement mats and fibromat biodegradable. The problems with the current mat are the manufacturer is focusing on the duration of the mat to decompose without considering the effectiveness to help vegetation grow. Through this research, the biodegradable erosion control mat was fabricated by using coconut coir as the main material (known as a coir mats) to promote the growth of vegetation roots, thereby reducing soil erosion. The research aim is to investigate the effectiveness of coir mats by monitoring vegetation roots growth whilst soil strength was evaluated by determining its shear strength, both with coir mat and without coir mat via Direct Shear Test. From visual observation, the results showed that the vegetation roots best developed in the soil covered with coir mat, where the fibrous of roots with coir mat is significantly uplifting compared to without coir mat. Besides that, the cohesion of soil for both with and without coir mat is 0 kN/m2 and it validated that the soils have the same water content during the test. However, the friction angle of the soil with coir mat is lower than without coir mat. This due to the smaller coir mat opening size, thereby affect the penetration and development of the vegetation.

MATEC Web of Conferences, open access proceedings in Materials science, Engineering and Chemistry

Transverse rumble strip is a traffic calming device which usually installed at the vicinity of schools and accident prone spots. The Malaysia Public Work Department has introduced the latest high performance thermoplastic rumble strips as an intervention along blackspot stretches in Malaysia. This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the new rumble strips installed at SMK Sri Lalang in Kluang, Johor, with respect to the operational speed variation immediately upstream and downstream of the rumble strips area. Operational speed data acquisition was carried out by using the unmanned aerial vehicle or drone and image processing technique. Drone can be used as an alternative to other image recording devices such as telescopic mast. The presence of a drone is often unnoticed by drivers thus giving the advantage of obtaining naturalistic data. The footages from drone were analysed using the image processing technique to ensure every vehicles were taken into account, compare to handheld device such as speed laser gun that can only detect speed of selected vehicles. The operational speeds were analyzed to obtain parameters namely pace, median, and 85th percentiles speed. The results proved that the new rumble strips succeed to reduce speed of vehicles from 7 to 13 kilometer per hour, which are 7 to 18 percent from the initial speed, respectively.

Nowadays, the amount of premix waste was increased every year, especially at the batching plants. Normally, the waste materials will be discarded without doing any innovative and effective research about those materials. This situation has become one of the global concerns due to the increasing number of premix waste produced every year. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using premix waste on improving asphalt mixture fatigue behaviour. The method used in this study was Superpave mix design method. The sample conducted in this study were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 100% of premix waste respectively. For a binder test, the laboratory test conducted were penetration test, softening test and thin film oven test while for the performance test were resilient modulus test and indirect tensile fatigue test. From the laboratory test, the resilient modulus test was conducted with two different temperature which was 25°C and 40°C. The result from that test was 20% of premix waste had higher resilient modulus at that two different temperatures compared to another samples. From that test also shown that the sample at the lower temperature which was 25°C has higher resilient modulus compared to the temperature of 40°C. Indirect tensile fatigue test showed that the 30% of premix waste sample was suitable for the modified asphalt mixture with referring to the maximum deformation and strain for comparison control, 10%,20%, and 100% of premix waste samples. So, it can be concluded that premix waste inhibits great potential as road construction material and suitable for repeated traffic loading.