Advances in food processing and food packaging play a major role in keeping food safe, increasing the shelf life, and maintaining the food supply chain. Good packaging materials that enable the safe travel of food are often non-degradable and tend to persist in the environment, thereby posing a hazard. One alternative is to synthesize biodegradable polymers with an antimicrobial property while maintaining their mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study, biodegradable composites of PVA–starch–glycerol (PSG) incorporated with CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared as PSG, PSG–Cu, PSG–Zn, and PSG–CuZn films. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to study and characterize these films. The water barrier properties of the films improved significantly as the hydrophobicity of the PSG–CuZn film increased by 32.9% while the water absorptivity and solubility decreased by 51.49% and 60% compared to the PSG film. The Young’s modulus of the films incorporated with CuO and ZnO nanoparticles was lower than that reported for PVA, suggesting that the film possessed higher flexibility. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated high thermal stability for films. Biosynthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles exhibited antifungal activity against vegetable and fruit spoilage fungi, and hence the fabricated polymers incorporated with nanoparticles were anticipated to demonstrate an antifungal activity. The nanoparticle incorporated films exhibited fungicidal and bactericidal activity, suggesting their role in extending the shelf life of packaged food. The result of ICP-OES studies demonstrated the steady release of ions from the polymer films, however, EDX analysis demonstrated no leaching of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles from the films, thus ruling out the possibility of nanoparticles entering the packaged food. The strawberries wrapped with the fabricated films incorporated with nanoparticles demonstrated improved shelf life and retained the nutritional quality of the fruit. Among the four films, PSG–CuZn was the most promising for food wrapping since it exhibited better water-resistance, antimicrobial, thermal, and mechanical properties.

The rising prevalence of antibiotic-resistance is currently a grave issue; hence, novel antimicrobial agents are being explored and developed to address infections resulting from multiple drug-resistant pathogens. Biogenic CuO, ZnO, and WO₃ nanoparticles can be considered as such agents. Clinical isolates of E. coli, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans from oral and vaginal samples were treated with single and combination metal nanoparticles incubated under dark and light conditions to understand the synergistic effect of the nanoparticles and their photocatalytic antimicrobial activity. Biogenic CuO and ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial effects under dark incubation which did not alter on photoactivation. However, photoactivated WO₃ nanoparticles significantly reduced the number of viable cells by 75% for all the test organisms, thus proving to be a promising antimicrobial agent. Combinations of CuO, ZnO, and WO₃ nanoparticles demonstrated synergistic action as a significant increase in their antimicrobial property (>90%) was observed compared to the action of single elemental nanoparticles. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of metal nanoparticles both in combination and in isolation was assessed with respect to lipid peroxidation due to ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and the damage to cell integrity using live/dead staining and quantitating with the use of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

The biogenic synthesis of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The shape, size, and chemical identity of the CuO and ZnO NPs were determined using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM analysis. The study aimed to investigate the effects of the CuO and ZnO NPs on Amaranthus hybridus seed germination and plant growth. Two different fertilizer application modes (hydroponics and foliar) were studied with varying concentrations of CuO (0.06 µM, 0.12 µM) and ZnO (0.12 µM, 0.24 µM) nanoparticles with water control and Hoagland’s media control. The hydroponic system of fertilizer application demonstrated better efficiency in terms of plant growth as compared to the foliar application. The agronomic traits, SPAD value, total reducing sugars, antioxidant activity, amount of copper, and zinc ions in root and shoot were analyzed for all experimental plants and found better with the nanoparticle application. The highlight of the study is the application of extremely low concentrations of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles, almost 70% lower than the copper and zinc salts in the Hoagland’s medium for improved plant growth. The use of lower concentrations of nanoparticles can prevent their accumulation in the environment and also lower the production cost. The high antioxidant concentration exhibited by the plants treated with CuO and ZnO nanoparticles ensures the enhanced plant’s resistance to infections and pests while promoting plant growth.

The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the dairy industry has spurred advancements in biodegradable packaging to address environmental concerns, reduce food waste, and enhance product quality. Dairy products, characterized by their short shelf life and susceptibility to microbial contamination, present unique challenges that require innovative packaging strategies. This review explores the latest developments in biodegradable polymer films, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and chitosan‐based materials, and their application in dairy product preservation. Emphasis is placed on valorization‐based packaging, where agro‐industrial and dairy by‐products like whey, casein, and fruit pomace are transformed into functional films with enhanced barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. The study also explores active and intelligent packaging technologies incorporating antimicrobial agents, natural extracts, and oxygen scavengers featuring freshness indicators, time–temperature indicators (TTIs), and radio‐frequency identification (RFID) technology. The integration of circular economy principles within the dairy packaging framework underscores the potential for resource efficiency and waste minimization. By adopting biodegradable materials and closed‐loop systems, the industry aligns with eco‐conscious consumer preferences while ensuring long‐term sustainability. Furthermore, the use of precision farming and AI‐driven frameworks enhances raw material quality, supply chain efficiency, and cold chain management, complementing advancements in sustainable packaging. A bibliometric analysis of 167 publications highlights key research trends, collaboration networks, and gaps in the field, offering insights into future directions for innovation. This review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach, combining material science, nanotechnology, and sustainability practices, to optimize packaging solutions for the dairy industry. By addressing environmental, economic, and consumer demands, this review contributes to the development of resilient and eco‐friendly dairy packaging systems.

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA), including hydroponics, vertical farming (VF), and soilless cultivation, is expanding rapidly as food production shifts toward resource-efficient and climate-resilient systems. However, conventional substrates such as rockwool, peat, coco coir, and perlite present limitations related to nutrient buffering, structural stability, and environmental sustainability. Biochar has emerged as a promising alternative substrate component due to its porous structure, surface functionality, and ability to modify root-zone conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the role of biochar in controlled cultivation systems, focusing on its physicochemical properties, substrate interactions, and plant physiological responses. Biochar incorporation influences water retention, aeration, nutrient availability, and microbial activity within confined root environments, thereby improving root architecture, photosynthetic performance, crop quality, and plant uniformity. Applications across hydroponic, VF, and soilless cultivation systems demonstrate improved moisture regulation, nutrient buffering, and substrate stability. Biochar interactions with conventional media such as coco peat, perlite, and peat moss further highlight its role in engineered growing substrates. Despite these advantages, challenges remain, including feedstock variability, pH and electrical conductivity effects, lack of standardized specifications, and limited long-term performance data in recirculating systems. Emerging research areas such as engineered biochar, nano-biochar, microbial integration, and precision cultivation technologies offer opportunities to optimize biochar performance in controlled environments. Overall, biochar represents a versatile and sustainable substrate component for CEA, with potential to enhance crop productivity, substrate durability, and resource efficiency. Future research should focus on material standardization, system-specific optimization, and large-scale validation to support commercial adoption.