As an innovative structural system aligned with construction industrialization, prefabricated Steel-Reinforced Concrete (SRC) structures are characterized by high load-bearing capacity, efficient material utilization, and rapid construction. In this study, the mechanical behavior, failure mechanisms, and ductility characteristics of a prefabricated SRC multi-floored grain warehouse frame were investigated through quasi-static cyclic loading tests. To complement the experimental program, high-fidelity numerical models were developed using Abaqus, incorporating concrete plastic damage and steel material nonlinearity. The simulation results were rigorously validated against the experimental data. The findings indicate that the specimens exhibited typical shear failure modes with full hysteretic loops, demonstrating substantial energy dissipation capacity (equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 0.261). Notably, the results of the parametric study indicate that the integration of wall panels can significantly increase the load-bearing capacity and lateral stiffness of the frame system. The ductility of the samples was excellent, with displacement ductility coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 3.7. The ultimate inter-story drift angles at failure (1/49–1/38) substantially exceeded the code-specified limit (1/50), indicating robust collapse-prevention capacity. The numerical results strongly agreed with the experimental observations in terms of the hysteretic behavior, failure patterns, and skeleton curves, confirming the reliability of the modeling strategy for subsequent seismic performance analyses and parametric evaluations.