Fish identification in the Red Sea, particularly in Saudi Arabia, has a long history. Because of the vast fish diversity in Saudi Arabia, proper species identification is required. Indeed, identifying fish species is critical for biodiversity conservation, food and drug safety, and sustainable fishery management. Numerous approaches have been used to identify fish species, including conventional morphological identification, next-generation sequencing (NGS), nanopore sequencing, DNA barcoding, and environmental DNA analysis. In this review, we collected as much scientific information as possible on species identification in Saudi Arabia. Our findings suggest that the identification process has advanced and spread rapidly and broadly, as evidenced by the discovery of new fish species in Saudi Arabia. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were discussed as part of a comprehensive comparison. This study aimed to provide further scientific knowledge to promote the growth of fish diversity worldwide. Keywords: fish diversity, identification process, Saudi Arabia.

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Tuban (Indonesia) aquaculture commodities are surveyed. Aquaculture diversity in Tuban are consisted of 5 fields, namely rice field ponds, floating net cages, freshwater ponds, and brackish aquaculture ponds Aquaculture commodities in Tuban consist of 11 families and 14 species of the main aquatic production. Cyprinus carpio or common carp is one of the commodities cultivated in four different aquacultures. Abstract Fishery is a sector expected to overcome the food crisis. Indonesia is one of the leading countries in high volumes of fishery production in most of its areas, including the Regency of Tuban in East Java Province. The area of Tuban Regency is 1,839.94 km2 with the coastline covers 65 km and a sea area of 22,608 km2. This study aims to provide information regarding aquaculture production, diversity, and distribution in Tuban. This study used a survey method in collecting fishery commodity data directly from aquaculture areas. The results of this study showed that the highest production came from the brackish water with a value of 32.46% (13,561.79 tons), followed by rice field pond (27.79% or 11,612.45 tons), freshwater pond (25.76% or 10,764.62 tons), floating net cage (13.97% or 5,836.59 tons), and marine (0.1% or 5.67 tons). Aquaculture biodiversity in Tuban consisted of 11 families and 14 species of the main aquatic produces, such as Cyprinidae (Cyprinus carpio, Barbonymus gonionotus, Parastromateus niger), Clariidae (Clarias bathracus), Pangasiidae (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), Penaeidae (Penaeus monodon, Litopenaeus vannamei), Channidae (Channa striata), Cichlidae (Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mosammbicus), Osphronemidae (Osphronemus gourami), Serranidae (Epinephelus), Lutjanidae (Lutjanus), and Chanidae (Chanos chanos). Cyprinus carpio or common carp is fish cultivated in four different aquacultures, namely rice field pond, floating net cages, freshwater ponds, and brackish aquaculture ponds. Unfortunately, the diversity and production of marine aquaculture has not been improved even though Tuban has large marine areas.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in white shrimp aquaculture, which often causes high mortality. Circulating hemocytes play a central role during vibriosis infection, however, the hemocyte subpopulation specific responses to VP-AHPND infection remain poorly understood. This study used flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to characterize four hemocyte subpopulations (H1–H4), including prohemocyte (H1), hyalinocyte (H2), semi-granulocyte (H3), and granulocyte (H4) based on non-specific immune functions and gene-expression profiles after VP-AHPND infection. Differentially hemocyte counts changed dynamically over 48 h, revealing hemocyte subpopulation specific responses to infection, which are H1 peaked during 6 h post infection, H2 increased for most of the period, whereas H3 and H4 declined at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Gene set variation analysis revealed marked early activation (6 hpi) of coagulation and notch-1 in the H1 subpopulation. The H2 subpopulation showed enrichment of pattern-recognition and coagulation genes, which mostly enhanced in the 12 hpi. Meanwhile, genes associated with prophenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were strongly upregulated especially in the late sampling time point (24 and 48 h), coinciding with a decrease in the percentages of their corresponding hemocytes (H3 and H4 subpopulation). These findings reveal that VP infection triggers a coordinated, subpopulation-specific innate immune response instead of a uniform reaction across all hemocytes. By integrating the relative proportions of hemocyte subpopulations, non-specific immune, and gene-expression, this study offers new mechanistic insights into shrimp cellular immunity and highlights key hemocyte subpopulations and pathways as potential targets for enhancing disease resistance in white shrimp aquaculture.