This study investigated the effect of substances on nonspecific immune responses of head kidney leukocytes, the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio sp., as well as the time-kill of Vibrio sp. by combining the substances with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Pediococcus sp. The substances are B. pilosa hot water extract, B. pilosa powder extract, B. pilosa methanol extract, B. pilosa ethanol extract, B. alba hot water extract, B. alba powder extract, B. alba methanol extract, B. alba ethanol extract, and bioactive compounds, namely cytopiloyne, flavonoid, phenol, ethyl caffeate, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, butein, and linoleic acid. The results showed that some of them were nontoxic to the head kidney leukocytes, which can increase the phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, and respiratory burst. These substances were able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp.; they can even completely kill the pathogenic bacteria. The largest of the inhibition zone formed from the EC group at a concentration range of 5–50 µg/mL against V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi with a value of 19.7 ± 0.56, 19.3 ± 1.53, and 20.6 ± 1.53 mm. Furthermore, the time-kill studies showed that the LAB and P. acidilactici can completely kill the Vibrio sp. at 6 h incubation time, mainly in the group of combination with EC.

Background and Aim: The Indonesian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) represents a significant aquaculture commodity with substantial economic importance; however, disease outbreaks, particularly tail ulceration caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, pose challenges to sustainable production. This study evaluated the efficacy of fermented palm kernel meal (FPKM), rich in mannan oligosaccharides, as a prebiotic additive to enhance non-specific immune responses in C. quadricarinatus. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 crayfish (mean weight 10.3 ± 0.15 g and length 7.53 ± 0.26 cm) were allocated in a completely randomized design comprising four dietary treatments: a control group without FPKM and probiotics and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with FPKM at concentrations of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg along with probiotics. Hemolymph samples were collected at baseline (day 0) and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Non-specific immune responses evaluated included total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), phagocytosis activity (PA), phagocytosis index (PI), phenol oxidase (PO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total plasma protein (TPP), and immune gene expression (lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein [LGBP], lectin). Results: The inclusion of FPKM significantly increased THC, with peak enhancement observed on day 7 at the highest FPKM concentration (120 g/kg). DHC remained stable across treatments. Phagocytic parameters, including PA and PI, showed significant improvements (74.5 ± 12.5% and 2.8 ± 0.41, respectively) by day 7 in the 120 g/kg treatment. PO and SOD activities significantly increased on days 5 and 14, respectively, with optimal responses at the highest dietary FPKM inclusion. TPP levels did not exhibit significant variation among treatments. Molecular analyses revealed marked upregulation of immune-related genes, notably lectin and LGBP, with peak expression detected in the 40 g/kg FPKM group. Conclusion: Supplementing diets with FPKM substantially improved non-specific immune responses in C. quadricarinatus. Optimal immune enhancement was generally achieved with 120 g/kg FPKM inclusion, although significant molecular immune responses were evident at lower concentrations. The findings underscore the potential of FPKM as a natural prebiotic to sustainably enhance crayfish immunity, thereby reducing dependency on antibiotics and contributing to eco-friendly aquaculture practices. Keywords: aquaculture, crustacea, immune systems, palm kernel meal, prebiotic.

Atapupu is a coastal area that has a strategic location because it is directly adjacent to the country of Timor Leste. This study aims to analyze the differences in marine culture at Atapupu Beach in supporting the blue economy in maritime security. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The data source comes from primary data by interviewing local and migrant fishermen and secondary data comes from journals. Data analysis in this study used descriptive qualitative. This study found that the differences between the local and migrant fishermen could be differentiated based on their time to go to sea, the fishing gear, and the type of boat used by the fishermen. The migrant fishermen, which come from Buton, are Muslim, so they do not go to sea on Fridays due to Fridays Prayers. They use fishing rods as gear and bigger boats than the local fishermen. Meanwhile, the local fishermen have no special days to go to sea, they go to sea depending on the weather conditions. The local fishermen only use nets as fishing gear and their boats are smaller compared to the migrant fishermen’s boats. These conditions are affecting their range of fishing areas, the type of fish caught, and the average income per month. Cultural differences at sea between local and migrant fishermen will certainly affect maritime security in the blue economy sector. The existence of differences in types and income from catches can lead to less optimal utilization of fishery resources.