Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional imaging modalities exhibit limited sensitivity, particularly in the context of disease recurrence and advanced disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2025, identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Eligible publications addressed advanced imaging techniques, PSMA-targeted diagnostics and therapies, radiogenomics, liquid biopsy approaches, and artificial intelligence applications and personalized medicine. Preclinical studies, single case reports, and conference abstracts without full text were excluded. Results: PSMA PET/CT outperforms conventional imaging for detection, and restaging, influencing clinical management across disease stages. Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 has become the standard radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, whereas alpha-emitting agents remain under clinical investigation. Radiogenomics and liquid biopsy assays (ctDNA, CTCs, AR-V7) provide complementary molecular insights. Artificial intelligence enhances imaging interpretations, standardization, and reproducibility, while multimodal data integration supports individualized risk stratification. Integrative models combining imaging, genomic, and liquid biopsy data pave the way toward precision oncology and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Conclusions: Advances in imaging and theragnostics are reshaping prostate cancer management, bridging the gap between molecular biology and clinical practice to enable precision oncology.

Robotic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (R-RPLND) represents an evolution in the surgical management of testicular germ cell tumors, offering reduced morbidity compared with open approaches. However, this procedure remains technically challenging, particularly after chemotherapy, due to dense fibrosis and distortion of the retroperitoneal anatomy. We report a case of an unrecognized intraoperative thermal injury causing a partial transection of the proximal ureter presenting postoperatively as a urinary fistula following R-RPLND for residual mass resection, along with a focused review of the contemporary literature on procedure-related complications. A review of large series highlights severe complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥ III) occurring in 6–12% of cases, with ureteral injuries occurring in up to 6%, often identified after surgery. This case underscores the importance of meticulous dissection, awareness of altered anatomy, and prompt intervention when unexpected events arise during R-RPLND.