This study asks how diversified and how competitive banana exports from Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia were during 2020 to 2024, and what risks arise from their market mix. The original contribution is a two-metric approach that jointly applies the Herfindahl Hirschman Index by destination to measure geographic concentration and the normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage to measure relative competitiveness. Using both indicators together creates a clear and reproducible benchmark for policy and firm decisions. A quantitative and descriptive design was applied to official trade data for HS 0803. Results show that Ecuador combined strong comparative advantage with low concentration, which supports regional leadership. Colombia expanded exports while its concentration rose, a sign of greater exposure despite solid performance in Europe. Peru lost shares and became more dependent on a few outlets, yet kept advantages in organic and niche segments. Bolivia displayed extreme concentration centered on Argentina. Practically, the findings support market diversification, staged entry into new destinations, stronger commercial partnerships, and the integration of sustainability and risk management. Theoretically, the study clarifies that diversification and competitiveness are distinct constructs and that assessing both together with transparent indices improves the diagnosis of resilience.

This study proposes a management model aimed at reducing the environmental impact caused by hazardous waste generated by mining activities in the La Libertad region. The approach used is both descriptive and analytical, based on a detailed analysis of the available literature. An inventory of mining companies was compiled, and the types of waste generated were characterized, ranging from sterile to industrial waste. Using a cause-and-effect matrix, environmental impacts were assessed, resulting in a Hazardous Waste Management Plan that includes strategies for waste minimization, treatment, and final disposal, validated by experts. Although companies operate within a formal framework, improper waste management remains a challenge. It is concluded that it is crucial to implement minimization alternatives from the source of waste generation to protect the natural environment and nearby communities. The effective implementation of the proposed management model will contribute to the evaluation of hazardous waste and foster greater environmental responsibility in the mining sector, ensuring the preservation of ecosystems and safeguarding the health of surrounding communities.