This study asks how diversified and how competitive banana exports from Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia were during 2020 to 2024, and what risks arise from their market mix. The original contribution is a two-metric approach that jointly applies the Herfindahl Hirschman Index by destination to measure geographic concentration and the normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage to measure relative competitiveness. Using both indicators together creates a clear and reproducible benchmark for policy and firm decisions. A quantitative and descriptive design was applied to official trade data for HS 0803. Results show that Ecuador combined strong comparative advantage with low concentration, which supports regional leadership. Colombia expanded exports while its concentration rose, a sign of greater exposure despite solid performance in Europe. Peru lost shares and became more dependent on a few outlets, yet kept advantages in organic and niche segments. Bolivia displayed extreme concentration centered on Argentina. Practically, the findings support market diversification, staged entry into new destinations, stronger commercial partnerships, and the integration of sustainability and risk management. Theoretically, the study clarifies that diversification and competitiveness are distinct constructs and that assessing both together with transparent indices improves the diagnosis of resilience.

This study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of corn exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Ukraine during 2020–2024 through a quantitative, descriptive design using secondary data from Trade Map. Methodologically, it applied the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure destination-market concentration and the normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) to assess export specialization and relative competitiveness. The results indicated heterogeneous patterns: the United States experienced rising concentration toward Mexico—heightening vulnerability despite persistent advantages in Japan and Colombia; Brazil maintained low concentration and robust advantages across the Middle East and Asia; Argentina combined favorable diversification with stable advantages in Asia, Africa, and South America, albeit with a mild uptick in concentration by 2024; and Ukraine showed moderate diversification but volatile competitiveness, with structural disadvantages in Türkiye exacerbated by wartime logistics. This study concluded that export sustainability depended jointly on diversification and competitive specialization, with Brazil and Argentina exhibiting the strongest balance.

The study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of maize exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Ukraine over the period 2020–2024. A quantitative, descriptive design was adopted, using secondary data from Trade Map. Export market concentration was measured with the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, while international competitiveness was assessed through the normalized revealed comparative advantage, computed by country, year and main destination. The results indicated clearly differentiated patterns. The United States exhibited an increasingly concentrated structure centred on Mexico, with strong advantages only in Japan and Colombia, which heightened structural vulnerability. Brazil preserved low concentra-tion levels and displayed robust, widely distributed advantages in Middle Eastern and Asian markets. Argentina combined mostly favourable diversification with stable ad-vantages in Asia, Africa and South America, although a mild upward trend in concen-tration emerged toward 2024. Ukraine showed acceptable diversification but moderate and volatile competitiveness, constrained by logistical and geopolitical disruptions, particularly in trade with Türkiye. The study concluded that export sustainability de-pended on the joint dynamics of competitive specialisation and destination diversifica-tion, with Brazil and Argentina achieving the most balanced profiles. It was recom-mended that each country implement differentiated strategies in market risk manage-ment, logistical upgrading, macroeconomic and regulatory stabilisation, and penetration of emerging markets in order to reduce structural vulnerabilities in the global maize trade.

The main objective of the research was to determine the relationship between the culture of entrepreneurship and business management in an Association of Artisans, seeking to contribute to Sustainable Development Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth. An applied methodology with a quantitative approach and non-experimental design was used. The technique used was a survey and the instrument was a questionnaire. The most significant results revealed a moderate direct linear correlation between entrepreneurial culture and business management (Spearman's coefficient: 0.680, p-value: 0.000). Significant correlations were also found between the dimensions of entrepreneurial culture (entrepreneurship, risk consideration, creativity and innovation, value generation, proactivity and information seeking) and entrepreneurial management, with Spearman coefficients ranging from 0.627 to 0.692. These findings highlight the importance of fostering a strong entrepreneurial culture to improve business management in the artisans' association and contribute to local economic development.