Global trade and globalization have driven growth and diversification in the horticultural industry. Fresh grapes, a key product, face challenges of market volatility, trade barriers, and logistics. Market diversification is essential for stability and competitiveness in international trade. This research focused on analyzing market diversification in Peru’s fresh grape exports during the 2013–2022 period, exploring its implications for international trade. A quantitative methodology was used, along with the analysis of publicly recorded data on the website of the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration, specifically exports from companies shipping under the national subheading for Grapes (0806.10.00.00). Diversification was analyzed using the Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index (HHI), and competitiveness through the Balassa index. The main findings were that between 2013 and 2022, Peruvian grape exports grew in value (CAGR of 12.02%) and volume (CAGR of 12.13%). The sector expanded with an average of 151.2 companies and 59.1 destination markets. Diversification varied: the USA (12.4%), the Netherlands (1.6%), Hong Kong (4.2%), and Mexico (63.2%). The Herfindahl–Hirschman index showed concentration in the USA (4533 in 2020, 4519 in 2022) and stability in companies (2318 in 2014, 2450 in 2022). Finally, it is recommended to strengthen the Peruvian viticultural sector by maintaining geographic diversification through policies seeking new markets, monitoring global trends, constantly analyzing market concentration, and promoting fair competition among participating companies, allowing new ones to enter this sector.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced a significant increase in its application in the educational field worldwide. This study aimed to analyze the acceptance of AI and its effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of international trade university students in Peru and Ecuador. With a quantitative approach and a non-experimental applied design, an online survey was administered to international trade students from Peru and Ecuador. Amos version 24 software was used to obtain model fit indices and perform gender-based invariance tests. Additionally, SmartPLS statistical software, based on the partial least squares (PLS) technique, was employed to test the hypotheses of the structural equation model (SEM). The measurement model presented acceptable fit indices. When calculating invariance, the configural, metric, and scalar models were satisfactory, although the residual model was not confirmed. It was found that hedonic motivation, habit, and performance expectations influenced international trade students’ intention to use AI. Likewise, it was discovered that the intention to use AI tools has an effect on entrepreneurial intention. Gender and age did not moderate the effect of AI usage intention on entrepreneurial intention. The study provides empirical evidence on the acceptance of AI and its influence on students’ entrepreneurial intentions, offering valuable information for educators, policymakers, and technology developers in the educational field.

This study analyzed the competitiveness of Peru’s exports of grapes, blueberries, avocados, and asparagus from 2019 to 2023. Data were obtained from the customs declarations of all exporting companies of the analyzed products, along with data from the International Trade Center. Competitiveness was measured using the absolute revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index. The results indicate notable growth in the exports of grapes and blueberries, while asparagus and avocados face challenges in market and exporter diversification. The RCA index suggests a strong and stable specialization in these products. This study concludes with specific recommendations for institutions such as Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI), Comisión de Promoción del Perú para la Exportación y el Turismo (PROMPERÚ), Asociación de Exportadores (ADEX), and Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), aimed at enhancing competitiveness through market diversification.

The study examines how Peru could maintain the sustainability of its blueberry exports through market diversification and competitiveness. Using a quantitative approach, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Balassa Index were calculated. The results showed impressive growth in key markets such as the United States, where exports grew by an average of 115.03% annually, and robust growth in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Despite these increases, the study identified a high concentration in specific markets, particularly in the United States, where the HHI ranged from 2896 to 3828 throughout the evaluated period, indicating significant dependence. Regarding the RCA, the values showed that Peru has maintained a solid comparative advantage, especially towards the United States, where the values fluctuated between 0.09 and 0.55 throughout the study, indicating specialization and efficiency in the export of blueberries to this market. The conclusions highlight that, although Peru has achieved remarkable growth in its blueberry exports and has demonstrated competitive capabilities, it faces the challenge of effectively diversifying its export markets. Recommendations include expanding the exploration of new markets and improving logistic infrastructure and agricultural practices to foster environmental sustainability, as well as adapting marketing strategies to meet the demands of emerging markets and international regulations.

South American coffee producers face growing challenges due to external trade dependencies and climate-induced disruptions. This study investigates the role of export market diversification as a sustainability strategy for four major regional exporters of roasted non-decaffeinated coffee: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. A quantitative and comparative methodology was applied over a ten-year period using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to evaluate export market concentration and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index—including its normalized variant—to assess international competitiveness by destination. The results reveal substantial disparities: Brazil and Colombia exhibit moderate to high diversification and relative competitiveness in select markets, while Peru and Ecuador remain dependent on a few strategic buyers, with limited or declining comparative advantages. The findings emphasize that sustained export performance in the coffee sector requires not only a broader destination portfolio but also improved positioning through trade agreements, infrastructure development, and climate-resilient innovation. This study concludes with a strategic proposal based on three pillars—commercial, logistical, and technological—to support structural transformation and enhance the long-term sustainability of the coffee trade in South America.

In the global context, coffee is a highly demanded product and every time countries are added within the international supply, its consumption has increased in recent years especially in countries belonging to Europe, Peru being one of the largest producers of coffee. This study aims to identify the commercial dynamics of Peruvian coffee exports to the European Union during the period 2017-2021. evaluating the quantity exported, the value exported and average prices in order to identify the most important markets and emerging markets. For the development of the research the methodology was under the quantitative approach of descriptive, non-experimental character taking as a source of information the databases of exports registered in the customs declarations of goods of the national subheading 0901119000. As results it was obtained that the exported quantity did not have the same performance as the exported value, having in annual average -6% of variation against the 2.6% that obtained the exported value, this explained by analyzing the price, which was increased from 2019 and growing in annual average at the rate of 17%, having as main export countries: Germany, Belgium, Sucia and Italy. To conclude, it can be indicated that the exported quantity had a setback in 2020 and 2021 of -11.3% and -10.5% while the exported value increased in 2021 by 23% recovering from the -2% drop in 2020. The price has had a significant increase throughout the analysis period, recovering from the drop in 2018 of -13% and growing from 2019 to 2021 at an annual average of 17%. En el contexto mundial el café es un producto muy demandado y cada vez se suman países dentro de la oferta internacional, su consumo se ha visto incrementado en los últimos años sobre todo en países que pertenecen a Europa, siendo Perú uno de los mayores productores de café. Este estudio tiene como propósito identificar la dinámica comercial de las exportaciones peruanas de café hacia la Unión Europea durante el periodo 2017-2021. evaluando la cantidad exportada, el valor exportado y los precios promedios a fin de identificar los mercados más importantes y los mercados emergentes. Para el desarrollo de la investigación la metodología fue bajo el enfoque cuantitativo de carácter descriptiva, no experimental tomando como fuente de información las bases de datos de las exportaciones registradas en las declaraciones aduaneras de mercancías de la subpartida nacional 0901119000. Como resultados se obtuvo que la cantidad exportada no tuvo el mismo desempeño que el valor exportado, teniendo en promedio anual -6% de variación contra el 2.6% que obtuvo el valor exportado, esto explicado al analizar el precio, que se vio incrementado a partir del 2019 y creciendo en promedio anual a razón de 17%, teniendo como principales países de exportación: Alemania, Bélgica, Sucia e Italia. Para concluir se puede indicar que la cantidad exportada tuvo un retroceso en el año 2020 y 2021 de -11.3% y de -10.5% mientras que el valor exportado se incrementó en 2021 en 23% recuperándose de la caída de -2% en 2020. El precio ha tenido un aumento significativo a lo largo del periodo de análisis, recuperándose de la caída en 2018 del -13% y creciendo desde 2019 a 2021 a un promedio anual de 17%.