This study presents the development and deployment of a modular digital twin system designed to enhance sustainable facility management within a smart campus context. The system was implemented at the Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, and integrates 3D spatial modeling, real-time environmental and energy sensor data, and multiscale dashboard visualization. Grounded in stakeholder-driven requirements, the platform emphasizes energy management, which is the top priority among campus administrators and technicians. The development process followed a four-phase methodology: (1) stakeholder consultation and requirement analysis; (2) physical data acquisition and 3D model generation; (3) sensor deployment using IoT technologies with NB-IoT and LoRaWAN protocols; and (4) real-time data integration via Firebase and standardized APIs. A suite of dashboards was developed to support interactive monitoring across faculty, building, floor, and room levels. System testing with campus users demonstrated high usability, intuitive spatial navigation, and actionable insights for energy consumption analysis. Feedback indicated strong interest in features supporting data export and predictive analytics. The platform’s modular and hardware-agnostic architecture enables future extensions, including occupancy tracking, water monitoring, and automated control systems. Overall, the digital twin system offers a replicable and scalable model for data-driven facility management aligned with sustainability goals. Its real-time, multiscale capabilities contribute to operational transparency, resource optimization, and climate-responsive campus governance, setting the foundation for broader applications in smart cities and built environment innovation.

Introduction: While substantial research has been conducted on organizational carbon footprint (CFO) assessments across various sectors, studies specifically addressing the CFO of construction organizations, particularly bored pile contractors, remain limited. This study evaluated the carbon footprint of a Thai bored pile contractor for 2022, during which the company completed 146 projects across 20 provinces, drilling 3,454 bored piles with a total volume of 1,998.90 cubic meters and supplying 122,058.04 kilograms of reinforcement steel and 1,832.62 cubic meters of ready-mix concrete. Methods: This study assessed the carbon footprint of the case study company, focusing on two operational units under its control: the construction unit and the head office. The assessment adhered to the guidelines established by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. Results: The company’s total carbon footprint was calculated at 712.099 tCO₂e, comprising Scope 1 direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (66.231 tCO₂e, 9.30%), Scope 2 indirect emissions from electricity use (2.886 tCO₂e, 0.41%), and Scope 3 other indirect emissions (642.982 tCO₂e, 90.29%). Construction activities accounted for the majority of emissions, generating 706.234 tCO₂e (99.18%), compared to 5.865 tCO₂e (0.82%) from office operations. Emission intensities were determined at 36.06 kgCO₂e per cubic meter for bored pile drilling, 1.16 kgCO₂e per kilogram for reinforcement steel, and 268.62 kgCO₂e per cubic meter for ready-mix concrete. Construction materials accounted for the largest share of emissions among all resource categories, totaling 634.150 tCO₂e (89.05%), with ready-mix concrete and deformed bars being the primary contributors, generating 492.271 tCO₂e (69.13%) and 127.012 tCO₂e (17.84%), respectively. Discussion: This study reveals that GHG emissions associated with construction materials were the primary sources of emissions, particularly from ready-mix concrete and reinforcement steel. Additionally, these two core materials were overused by 9.30% and 8.94%, respectively. Based on these findings, it is evident that improving resource efficiency, prioritizing environmentally friendly products, and locally sourcing construction materials—with particular focus on these two materials—constitute strategies with significant potential to reduce the organizational carbon footprint of the case study bored pile contractor. Conclusion: Findings from this study highlight the critical need to enhance resource efficiency, prioritize environment-friendly products, and source construction materials locally as key strategies for reducing GHG emissions. Moreover, the study provides essential benchmarks for bored pile contractors in Thailand and globally to measure environmental impact, implement emission reduction strategies, and promote sustainability in the construction sector.

Concrete blocks are widely used for wall construction in Thailand, and reliable Carbon Footprint of Product (CFP) data for these blocks is essential for accurately estimating the embodied carbon of buildings—a crucial consideration in sustainable building design. This research evaluates the CFP of concrete blocks produced by a Thai factory, using a functional unit of one ton. The assessment applies a "Cradle to Gate" approach, covering both raw material acquisition and product manufacturing stages. The study period spans one year, from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. Results show that the CFP for the case study block is 88.508 kgCO₂eq/t, with the raw material acquisition stage responsible for 84.778 kgCO₂eq/t (95.79% of the CFP), and production stage emissions at 3.730 kgCO₂eq/t (4.21% of the CFP). A detailed analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reveals several key findings: (1) Portland cement is the primary source, accounting for 80.69% of the CFP; (2) emissions from the transportation of crushed stone and coarse sand are notably high; (3) electricity usage contributes 2.558 kgCO₂eq/t; and (4) broken concrete blocks constitute 12.93% of the mixture volume. This study not only addresses a critical gap in the availability of CFP data for concrete blocks in sustainable building analysis in Thailand, but also identifies key areas where GHG emissions associated with concrete block manufacturing can be reduced. The insights provided here are valuable for concrete block manufacturers across Thailand, especially those with similar production processes, as they work toward lowering the CFP of their products.

Falls from heights remain a primary cause of fatalities among construction workers. Despite this, current design standards for fall protection systems, such as guardrails, frequently overlook the psychological aspect of workers, specifically their sense of safety and convenience, which can significantly impact both safety outcomes and on-site productivity. This study aims to introduce methods for assessing construction workers’ perceptions to inform the design of guardrails in high-rise projects. Three assessment tools were developed and evaluated: (1) 2D representations of the construction environment, (2) 2D diagrams relating guardrail dimensions to worker anthropometry, and (3) Virtual Reality (VR) models operated within a CAVE Virtual Environment (VE). The performance of these tools was analyzed using the standard deviation (S.D.) and Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) of the workers’ responses. Furthermore, a case study was conducted using the most effective tool to select a guardrail design that balances material costs with worker perceptions, utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicate that the VR models in the CAVE environment significantly outperformed other methods in accurately measuring worker perceptions. Consequently, the study demonstrates that suitable guardrails can be designed by integrating both economic factors and the subjective needs of construction workers.