This study was reported our work on the advanced screening of proteolytic bacteria from tauco Surabaya based on pathogenicity of the isolates and the selectivity of its proteases on milky fish (Chanos chanos) scales. Determination of pathogenicity was carried out through hemolytic test on blood agar medium. Formation of clear zones around the growing bacterial colonies indicate the pathogenic bacteria, whereas no clear zones around the bacterial colonies are formed in the results of non-pathogenic bacteria test. Protease which has selectivity to milky fish scales can hydrolyse peptide bonds in milk fish scales to produce soluble collagen that can be measured as dissolved protein. The results showed that the order of pathogenicity qualitatively from the lowest to the highest were the isolate of HT_cUM_7.1<HT_cUM_6.1.1<HT_cUM₂<HT_cUM₁₀< HT_cUM_9.1<HT_cUM_6.2.2< HT_cUM₈. Crude extract of protease from HT_cUM_7.1, HT_cUMi0 and HT_cUM_6.2.2 successively have specific activity of protease were 6.044±3.390, 0.311±1.099 and 1.718±0.040 U/mg. Furthermore, it was able to produce the dissolve protein with concentration as much as 0.1015±0.040, 0.0930±0.044 and 0.0825±0.004 mg/mL. Overall results showed that HT_cUM_7.1 was the most potential proteolytic bacteria as source of protease for production halal and healthy collagen from milky fish scale.

Cellulase in the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse is used to hydrolyze cellulose into reducing sugars. Cellulase needs to be mobilized in a matrix to improve its efficiency because it can be used repeatedly. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary study of potential cellulase immobilized on silica to hydrolyze sugarcane bagasse including the effect of contact time (15, 45, 60, and 75 minutes) and agitation speeds (50, 100, 150, and 200 rpm) on % immobilization and immobilized cellulase activity against sugarcane bagasse, and also decreased activity of immobilized cellulase after repeated use. Contact time and agitation speeds do not affect % immobilization. The optimum contact time and agitation speeds of immobilized cellulase formation based on its activity were at 15 minutes and 100 rpm. Immobilized cellulase activity in cycles II and III decreased to 75.2% and 58.8% compared to the first cycle. Therefore, immobilized cellulase in silica is good enough to hydrolyze sugarcane bagasse and has the potential to be applied as continue system in the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse.

The circular economy seeks to maximize resource utility while enhancing waste materials’ added value. Herbal beverages are derived from biopharmaceutical plants, commonly using ginger, cardamom, turmeric, aromatic ginger or lesser galangal, and curcuma. This study had two primary objectives: (1) to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of instant ginger, instant turmeric, and instant ginger beverages, and (2) to enhance the economic value of production waste by converting it into liquid organic fertilizer (POC). The research was conducted at the small and medium enterprise “AIG Bunda Nisa” in Semarang Regency, Indonesia. Physicochemical characteristics were assessed through proximate analysis, and the quality of the POC was evaluated based on the standards set by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (No.216/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019). The findings revealed that waste from the production of instant herbal drinks can be effectively repurposed as POC. The analysis showed that instant ginger beverages have higher ash and carbohydrate content than fresh ginger but lower total fat and protein content. Additionally, instant ginger beverages’ caloric value and carbohydrate content are higher than fresh ginger. Conversely, instant ginger’s protein content is lower than fresh ginger’s. In the case of turmeric, the ash, total fat, moisture, and protein content in fresh turmeric were lower than in instant turmeric beverages.

The aim of this research is to obtain indigenous fungus producing lignin peroxidase from the Cocoa Plantation in Sepawon Kediri Regency, Indonesia. Isolation was done using Minimum Salt Medium alkali lignin (MSM - L), purification was performed using monospore technique, lignin peroxidase activity was screened by agar medium containing methylene blue, and microscopic morphology of fungi was studied using slide culture technique. Five isolates of fungus were obtained and three isolates of fungus with different morphology were purified. The screening results showed that only two fungus isolates were indicated as the indigenous fungus producing lignin peroxidase were KLUM1 and KLUM2. KLUM1 was morphologycally predicted as Sporotricum aereum and KLUM2 was predicted close to genus Crysosporium sp.

The jamu (herbal medicine) industry in Indonesia experienced significant expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, subsequent to the abatement of the pandemic, a substantial number of enterprises engaged in jamu production faced insolvency precipitated by a pronounced downturn in demand for herbal remedies. This study aims to identify how a small enterprise responds the market changes in the post-pandemic market and how to build new strategies based on the changes. Focusing on an Indonesian jamu small enterprise, namely AIG Bunda Nisa, this study implemented a qualitative longitudinal case study design based on nine aspects of the business model canvas (BMC) including customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships, revenue streams, key resources, key activities, key partners, and cost structure (Toro-Jarrín et al., 2016). The SWOT analysis was conducted to formulate the most suitable strategy to be applied to each aspect of BMC. The results showed that most aspects have attack and improve strategy. Concentration on the proficient management of extant organizational assets and the optimization of the role of social media are the suggested actions for AIG Bunda Nisa to survive in the post-pandemic era. The strategies proffered may serve as viable alternatives and sources of inspiration for similar enterprises with commensurate circumstances.

The pretreatment using 0.1 M NaOH is widely used on fish scales in the collagen production stage. This process is necessary to remove non-collagen proteins, fats, and other impurities, but improper pretreatment can reduce colla- gen levels obtained because prolonged exposure will damage connective tissue on scales, resulting in decreased yield. This research aims to determine the opti- mum NaOH pretreatment time for the collagen yield produced and identify changes in milkfish scales chemical composition and surface morphology. The stages in this study are: 1) preparation of milkfish scales; 2) pretreatment of milk- fish scales with NaOH 0.1 M at various time variations of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 8 h; and 3) determination of the effect of pretreatment time on collagen yield pro- duced from milkfish scales using proteases from Bacillus megaterium TR-10. The determination of optimum conditions is based on the content of water, ash, fat, protein, metal ion content (Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, K⁺), and surface morphology of milk- fish scales before and after NaOH pretreatment is carried out. The results showed that the highest yield of 56.77 ppm was achieved at the pretreatment treatment of NaOH for 6 h. The longer the NaOH pretreatment time, the water, ash, fat, protein, and metal content in the scales decreases, and the surface morphology of milkfish scales is cleaner, but in the 8-h treatment, damage to connective tis- sue fibers in fish scales is observed. The optimal NaOH pre-treatment time for collagen production from milkfish scales is 6 h of treatment.