The functionality and experimental performance characterization of the latest four channel version of ORION ASIC, a very low noise multichip read out and processing electronics customized for the X and Gamma Imaging Spectrometer (XGIS) instrument onboard the Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS) mission, is presented. XGIS is a set of two coded-masked wide field deep sky cameras using monolithic SDDs (Silicon Drift Detectors) and CsI:Tl (Thallium doped-Cesium Iodide) scintillator-based X-γ ray detectors. This paper highlights the design, working principle and the expected performances of the XGIS, on a small scale 2×2 prototype. Furthermore, the evolution timeline of different versions of ORION with detailed performance observations and analysis for spectroscopic resolution, electronic noise and the operational linear energy ranges of both X and the γ processors of the four-pixel ASIC version bonded to a 2×2 SDD array are emphasized. Each 2×2 SDD array element is electrically and dimensionally equivalent to single elements of the THESEUS 8×8 SDD array.

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are intense bursts of high-energy photons which, in just a few seconds, outshine all other $\gamma$-ray emitters in the sky. Due to their extreme luminosity, GRBs are not only important as high-energy astrophysical phenomena but also serve as valuable probe models of the far, high-redshift Universe. The importance of these events has pushed the High-Energy Astrophysics community to propose new mission concepts over the past decade, prompting dedicated research and development efforts to achieve the required technological readiness levels. The X and Gamma-Ray Imager and Spectrometer (XGIS) is one of the two GRB monitors onboard the proposed, upcoming THESEUS space mission. Building on strong heritage from previous studies, ongoing developments and optimizations are focused on enhancing the instrument’s capabilities and increasing its technological maturity. This work presents the current status of the XGIS instrument and the latest technological advancements achieved in preparation for its deployment on THESEUS.

Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT) is a well-established technique for cancer treatment. In this approach, radionuclides are bound to specific drugs that selectively transport them to the tumor site. Within the ISOLPHARM project, a radiopharmaceutical for TRT based on the innovative radionuclide ¹¹¹ Ag is currently under development. ¹¹¹ Ag has a half-life of 7.45 days and decays by emitting both electrons and gamma-rays. The emission of gamma-rays, predominantly at an energy of 342 keV, enables the visualization of ¹¹¹ Ag using a gamma camera. In this work, we describe a Monte Carlo simulation developed to optimize the design parameters of such an imaging device. The simulation is based on the Geant4 toolkit, which accurately models the interactions between particles and matter. The estimated spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system are approximately 4 mm and 19 cps/MBq, respectively. The simulated device is able to resolve lesions with a lesion-to-background activity ratio of 4:1 under in-vivo-like conditions. These results indicate that the proposed gamma camera can provide cost-effective imaging capabilities for preclinical radiopharmaceutical studies.

This paper presents the procedures employed for experimental functional and performance characterization of a 2 × 2 pixel prototype detection system tailored specifically for the X and Gamma-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XGIS) instrument onboard the THESEUS mission. The XGIS system comprises of two coded masked wide field cameras integrated with monolithic SDDs (Silicon Drift Detectors) and CsI:Tl (Thallium doped-Cesium Iodide) scintillators, contributing to its broad X and $\gamma$-ray detection range. Given the space instrumentation complexity, thorough requirement qualification and testing procedures are essential. This work focuses on working principle, the testing setup utilized, and observed performance for the small scale four-pixel XGIS prototype. Furthermore, the alignment of light output performance of the four-pixel SDD and scintillator prototype detection system with the XGIS instrument requirements is emphasized.

The X and Gamma Imager and Spectrometer (XGIS) on board THESEUS is a finely pixelized and modular instrument designed for broadband high-energy transient detection. XGIS consists of two cameras, each composed of 10 supermodules, with each supermodule further divided into 10 modules and each module made with 64 independent readout pixels based on Silicon Drift Detectors coupled with 5 × 5 × 30 mm³ CsI scintillator bars. An algorithm to quickly read out the signals from the 64 pixels and send them in chronological order through the module and supermodule logic up to the camera logic is under development. Furthermore, a challenge for space-based high-energy instruments is distinguishing X-/gamma-ray photons while effectively rejecting background photons and particles, including electrons, protons, and heavier cosmic rays. Unlike traditional systems that rely on anticoincidence systems, XGIS aims to achieve background rejection through an innovative readout logic that analyzes the spatial and temporal properties of energy deposits in the detector. By leveraging the finely pixelized structure, the readout system can differentiate single-photon events from charged-particle tracks based on energy deposition patterns and event topology.

The X and Gamma-ray Imager and Spectrometer (XGIS) is the high-energy monitor proposed for THESEUS (Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor), a candidate mission within ESA M7 program aimed at exploring the transient high-energy sky for investigating the Early Universe and advancing in Multi-Messenger Astrophysics. XGIS is designed to detect and localize transient X-ray and gamma-ray sources across a broad energy range (2 keV–10 MeV), enabling high-resolution timing and spectroscopy. The instrument consists of two identical cameras, employing coded mask techniques to image the sky in the range 2–150 keV, while acting as a half-sky monitor in the 150 keV–10 MeV energy range. Its innovative detection system is based on Silicon Drift Detectors optically coupled to CsI(Tl) scintillator bars. This configuration, combined with a low-noise distributed electronics system (ORION ASICs), enables spectroscopy over an unprecedentedly wide energy band within a single, modular and compact device. The design of XGIS emphasizes modularity and robustness, with each camera integrating 100 detector modules that require extensive development, testing and qualification. The ongoing development of XGIS includes performance testing of the silicon sensors and the ORION readout chain, alongside optimization of the mechanical assembly. In this review I will outline the XGIS architecture and summarize the technological advancements made in the current M7 Phase A.