The competition and performance gap between Indonesia and Vietnam coffee underscore the importance of Indonesia assessing its global competitiveness against Vietnam. The study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian and Vietnamese coffee in international trade, focusing on green beans, roasted coffee, and instant coffee as the primary products of the coffee industry. Assessing export performance necessitates comparative analysis with competitor countries like Vietnam. The data comprises export statistics of both robusta and arabica coffee from Indonesia and Vietnam obtained from the UN Commodity Trade database, covering 2004 to 2021. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) methods were used to analyze Indonesia’s and Vietnam’s coffee competitiveness. The study analyzed the Trade Balance Index (TBI) to measure the trade balance of export commodities. The study result stated that Indonesia’s competitiveness in green bean coffee is lower than Vietnam’s. Vietnam surpasses Indonesia in the instant coffee market after facing reduced competitiveness from Indonesia between 2014 and 2020. Regarding roasted coffee exports, the two countries do not have a comparative advantage in international trade. In comparing TBI results, it is evident that green beans and instantcoffee products from Vietnam and Indonesia possess a comparative advantage for export, with an average TBI of 0.97, 0.63, 0,91, and 0.52, respectively. Moreover, although roasted coffee in both countries lacks a comparative advantage, it still focuses on exports. To improve the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee, it is necessary to implement good agricultural practices to ensure consistency and quality, and government policies and regulations are vital to incentivize investment and innovation in upstream coffee processing, thereby fostering a solid industry. Key words: Coffee; comparative advantage; competitiveness; export performance; market trends; trade.

Through the global value chain (GVC), the coffee sector is expected to meet one of the UN’s targets in the SDGs, which is to increase exports from developing countries to help them integrate into the multilateral trading system and benefit from it. Understanding the geographic scope of Indonesian coffee is essential, given that coffee is a pivotal global commodity for Indonesian coffee development. This study aims to analyze the geographic scope of Indonesia’s green coffee beans trade and the key factors that determine the flow of this trade. The analytical approach employed is Gereffi’s GVC analysis and Gravity Model. The panel data analysis uses bilateral coffee trade flows of 13 trading partners from 2002 to 2021. Analysis shows Indonesia exports most of its coffee to Global North countries, which also function as lead firms. Indonesia’s coffee GVC is concentrated at the upstream stages, while complex processing activities occur in advanced countries. According to the gravity model, the significant variables that affect Indonesia’s coffee trade flow are the importing country’s real GDP per capita, the importing country’s population, Indonesia’s real exchange rate against the local currency, Indonesia’s coffee competitiveness, and the non-tariff measurements for coffee. The potential countries to increase the Indonesian coffee trade are existing coffee markets. Key words: Coffee export; gravity model; green coffee bean; trade flow; trade potential.

Tata Kelola Rantai Nilai Kopi Robusta di Sumatera Selatan

This study investigates the institutional transformations within Indonesia’s research ecosystem, focusing on the impacts of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) establishment and the subsequent Work From Office (WFO) policy on the Association of Indonesian Researchers (PPI). The research aims to evaluate these impacts and propose an adaptive institutional revitalization model. Employing a mixed-methods approach, a total of 150 online questionnaires were distributed across 21 regional branches of PPI between February and March 2025. Of these, 87 were completed and valid for analysis, representing a 58% response rate. Findings reveal that the WFO policy has led to a significant decline in member participation, coordination difficulties across regions, and weakened collaboration with local partners such as regional governments and universities. A SWOT analysis of three revitalization options—full agglomeration, bounded agglomeration, and non-BRIN integration—identified a hybrid model as the most adaptive and widely supported alternative (41.5%). This hybrid model combines selective structural efficiency with inclusive membership expansion, aiming to preserve regional identity, enhance collaboration, and strengthen organizational legitimacy. The study offers key insights for developing adaptive governance frameworks rooted in epistemic justice, digital accountability, and cross-sectoral collaboration, applicable to professional organizations navigating decentralization and institutional disruption. The proposed hybrid model serves as a strategic reference for achieving organizational resilience and fostering a more inclusive national innovation ecosystem.

The development of the Farmer’s Exchange Rate (FER) index at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The effort to scrutinize the phenomenon of the decreasing FER is important and relevant for a deep study, especially related to its effects on farming activities. This study will observe FER changes and their effects on farming, especially rice farming. Methods of analysis include: (1) Descriptive Analysis (in the form of tables and graphs/diagrams only), (2) Quantitative Analysis (using multiple regression models). The results of the analysis of various factors affecting the FER show that the variable of the price of paddy at the farmer level has a positive and real effect on the FER. In this case, if the price of paddy increases by Rp 10, then the FER will increase by 0.157 units. Furthermore, the price of diesel fuel for agricultural equipment and machinery also has a positive and real effect on the FER. In this case, if there is an increase in the price of Rp 10, then there will be an increase in the FER of 0.052 FER units. It can be concluded that the influence of FER shows that the variable of unhusked-paddy price at the farm level has a positive and significant effect on FER. It can be made by farmers by achieving maximum possible economic efficiency through improvements in technical efficiency and optimization of resource reallocation (allocative efficiency), supported by output price incentive policies in order to obtain an adequate level of income.

This paper addresses a significant gap in the existing literature on financial inclusion — namely, the dynamic instability of the impacts generated by its determinants in four major emerging market economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China. A time-varying coefficients framework is applied to examine whether the factors shaping financial inclusion at the aggregate level produce nonlinear effects over time. The analysis covers­ the period from 2000–2001 to 2022–2023. A composite financial inclusion index is constructed to capture inclusion across three key dimensions — availability, access, and usage — using the distance function approach. Three classes of determinants are modeled: socio-demographic, infrastructural, and macroeconomic variables. Evidence indicates structural instability in the financial inclusion process for the BRIC economies, with several determinants exerting nonlinear impacts over time. The findings challenge the conventional assumption of time-invariant relationships between financial inclusion and its dominant determinants. The results reveal considerable temporal volatility in the effects of macroeconomic factors, including growth and inflation, on financial inclusion across emerging markets. Policymakers should adjust strategies, moving beyond assumptions of linear processes and managing dynamic, nonlinear factors more effectively to achieve universal financial inclusion.