A composite material based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxyapatite modified with magnesium (0.3; 0.5; 1.0 mol) was developed using the in situ mineralization method. A thorough analysis confirmed the formation of a two-phase system, with a uniform distribution of HA particles within the PVA matrix. In addition, the analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of magnesium into the crystal lattice without the formation of secondary phases. The material exhibited a developed macroporous structure, with porosities ranging from 50 to 200 μm. In order to ensure that the rheological properties of the composition were suitable for 3D printing, 4 wt.% gelatin was added, resulting in stable scaffolds. In vitro studies demonstrated high biocompatibility of the materials and a synergistic effect of the components: PVA has been demonstrated to neutralise the cytotoxic effects of HA, while magnesium has been shown to statistically significantly increase the viability of macrophages. The combination of a polymer matrix with an inorganic phase results in a material that exhibits both elasticity and bioactivity. The structural and functional characteristics of these systems render them promising materials for tissue engineering, particularly for bone regeneration and the creation of biocompatible 3D scaffolds.

Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) represent challenging systems for reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) because chain propagation, branching, and localized gelation may occur concurrently. This study systematically investigates the influence of the concentration of the RAFT agent 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT), the chemical structure of the polyester prepolymer, and the nature of the acidic comonomer on the structural evolution of RAFT-modified unsaturated polyester copolymers. Three copolymer series synthesized at different CPDT concentrations were investigated: p-EGM:AA:[CPDT], p-EGM:MAA:[CPDT], and p-PGM:MAA:[CPDT]. Structural changes were characterized using H NMR, H–H COSY, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Semi-quantitative analysis of normalized H NMR integral intensities was performed using Relative Vinyl Intensity (RVI), CPDT-associated methyl intensity (MI*), and normalized aliphatic intensity (AI*) to compare changes in selected proton environments among the investigated copolymer series. Increasing CPDT concentration was accompanied by a decrease in the normalized residual maleate vinyl signal, although the magnitude of this change depended strongly on copolymer composition. The most pronounced decrease in RVI was observed for the p-EGM:AA:[CPDT] series, from 0.6291 to 0.0528, whereas substantially smaller changes were observed for the p-EGM:MAA:[CPDT] series. The MI* and AI* profiles exhibited composition-dependent variations, reflecting changes in the relative contributions of CPDT-associated methyl and overlapping aliphatic proton environments, respectively. Because the aliphatic region used for AI* contains overlapping polymer- and CPDT-derived contributions, AI* is not interpreted as a quantitative measure of polymer-backbone branching. Overall, the combined NMR and GPC/SEC results reveal composition-dependent structural changes accompanying RAFT copolymerization and demonstrate that both the polyester matrix and the acidic comonomer influence the response of these heterogeneous unsaturated polyester systems to variations in CPDT concentration.

Background: Nanophyton iliense U.P. Pratov is a Central Asian halophytic plant whose phytochemical composition and suitability for pharmaceutical formulation remain insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the chemical profile, antioxidant activity, preliminary safety, and gel-forming potential of a hydroethanolic extract of N. iliense for topical application. Methods: The extract was characterized by GC–MS and HPLC. Total polyphenol content was determined, antioxidant activity was assessed using FRAP and DPPH assays, and preliminary cytotoxicity was evaluated using the Artemia salina lethality assay. Results: GC–MS and HPLC analyses showed that the extract contained both lipophilic constituents, including terpenoid and phytosterol-related compounds, and phenolic compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, and naringin. The total polyphenol content reached 485.05 mg GAE/L, exceeding the values obtained for the other plant extracts analyzed under the same conditions. The extract showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in both FRAP and DPPH assays. In the DPPH assay, radical scavenging activity increased up to 90.06% at 1.0 mg/mL, while FRAP results confirmed a strong reducing capacity. In the Artemia salina assay, no cytotoxic effect was observed at the tested concentrations. To assess pharmaceutical applicability, five gel formulations were prepared and compared. Gel No. 4, containing N. iliense extract, Lecigel, glycerin, Tween 80, benzyl alcohol, and purified water, showed the most suitable organoleptic and technological characteristics, including homogeneity, good spreadability, and absence of greasy residue. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that N. iliense extract can be incorporated into a semi-solid formulation, while the extract itself demonstrates relevant in vitro antioxidant properties.