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Endijs Bāders
Latvian State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’, 111 Rigas str., LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia

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Journal article
Published: 18 August 2021 in Forests
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The productivity of forests has been linked to the sensitivity of tree growth to meteorological conditions and their fluctuations, hence moderation of tree sensitivity is one of the goals for climate-smart forest management. For this, tree breeding is among the most effective means, particularly if breeding populations are supplemented with genotypes (provenances) adapted to the expected climates. Nonetheless, heritability of traits is essential for their improvement by breeding. In this study, heritability of growth sensitivity of south-eastern Baltic provenances of Scots pine differing by field performance to meteorological conditions was assessed combining methods of quantitative genetics and dendrochronology. Five parallel provenance trials within the south-eastern Baltic region were investigated. The effects of regional weather drivers of growth (moisture regime in summer, temperature regime in preceding summer and in the dormancy period) were estimated, yet their strengths differed among the provenances, indicating local specialization of metapopulations of Scots pine. The heritability of growth sensitivity to these factors ranged from low to moderate, similarly as observed for the morphometric traits within the region; however, the provenance (genetic) variation appeared to be higher. The differences in heritability of responses, however, indicated uneven adaptive significance of weather conditions. Although the estimates were based on a limited set of genotypes implying caution in the extrapolation of results, the weather-growth relationships and their heritability indicate that sensitivity of growth is a complementary trait aiding breeding of forest reproductive material best suited for future climates. Heritable weather-growth relationships also imply a high potential for forest breeding to moderate the sensitivity of the trees.

ACS Style

Roberts Matisons; Volker Schneck; Diāna Jansone; Endijs Bāders; Stefānija Dubra; PaulS Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons. South-Eastern Baltic Provenances of Scots Pine Show Heritable Weather-Growth Relationships. Forests 2021, 12, 1101 .

AMA Style

Roberts Matisons, Volker Schneck, Diāna Jansone, Endijs Bāders, Stefānija Dubra, PaulS Zeltiņš, Āris Jansons. South-Eastern Baltic Provenances of Scots Pine Show Heritable Weather-Growth Relationships. Forests. 2021; 12 (8):1101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberts Matisons; Volker Schneck; Diāna Jansone; Endijs Bāders; Stefānija Dubra; PaulS Zeltiņš; Āris Jansons. 2021. "South-Eastern Baltic Provenances of Scots Pine Show Heritable Weather-Growth Relationships." Forests 12, no. 8: 1101.

Communication
Published: 18 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Forests are the dominant land cover in Nordic–Baltic countries, and forestry, the management of forests for improved ecosystem-service (ES) delivery, is an important contributor to sustainability. Forests and forestry support multiple United Nations Sustainability Goals (UN SDGs) and a number of EU policies, and can address conflicting environmental goals. Forests provide multiple ecosystem services and natural solutions, including wood and fibre production, food, clear and clean water and air, animal and plant habitats, soil formation, aesthetics, and cultural and social services. Carbon sequestered by growing trees is a key factor in the envisaged transition from a fossil-based to a biobased economy. Here, we highlight the possibilities of forest-based solutions to mitigate current and emerging societal challenges. We discuss forestry effects on forest ecosystems, focusing on the optimisation of ES delivery and the fulfilment of UN SDGs while counteracting unwanted effects. In particular, we highlight the trilemma of (i) increasing wood production to substitute raw fossil materials, (ii) increasing forest carbon storage capacity, and (iii) improving forest biodiversity and other ES delivery.

ACS Style

Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5643 .

AMA Style

Lars Högbom, Dalia Abbas, Kęstutis Armolaitis, Endijs Baders, Martyn Futter, Aris Jansons, Kalev Jõgiste, Andis Lazdins, Diana Lukminė, Mika Mustonen, Knut Øistad, Anneli Poska, Pasi Rautio, Johan Svensson, Floor Vodde, Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė, Jan Weslien, Lars Wilhelmsson, Daiga Zute. Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5643.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lars Högbom; Dalia Abbas; Kęstutis Armolaitis; Endijs Baders; Martyn Futter; Aris Jansons; Kalev Jõgiste; Andis Lazdins; Diana Lukminė; Mika Mustonen; Knut Øistad; Anneli Poska; Pasi Rautio; Johan Svensson; Floor Vodde; Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė; Jan Weslien; Lars Wilhelmsson; Daiga Zute. 2021. "Trilemma of Nordic–Baltic Forestry—How to Implement UN Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5643.

Original paper
Published: 03 March 2021 in European Journal of Forest Research
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The anticipated increase in extreme disturbance events due to climate change is likely to expose Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated forests in northern Europe to new conditions. Empirical data on the resilience of such natural (unmanaged) forests to disturbance and the long-term patterns of regeneration in its aftermath are currently scarce. We performed a quantitative assessment of natural forest stands in north–western Latvia to identify and characterise the patterns of stand structure 44 years after a stand-replacing disturbance and investigated the effects of legacies on regeneration. The spatial distribution of tree species and their dimensions were assessed in 71 circular sample plots (500 m2 each) in natural forest areas, where Norway spruce dominated prior to the windthrow and salvage logging was not carried out. Spatial indices (species mingling index, size differentiation index, and aggregation index) were used to characterise stand structure and diversity. The different initial states (age and coverage of surviving trees) of stands affected eventual tree species dominance, size differentiation, degree of mingling and aggregation. Our results demonstrate a close relationship between disturbance legacies and spatial indices. The pre-storm understory and canopy survivors decreased species mingling, whereas survivors increased size differentiation. The size differentiation increased also with a higher degree of species mingling. Leaving differential post-storm legacies untouched promotes a higher structural and species diversity and therefore supports the management approach of preserving canopy survivors.

ACS Style

Endijs Bāders; Kalev Jõgiste; Didzis Elferts; Floortje Vodde; Andres Kiviste; Solveiga Luguza; Āris Jansons. Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands. European Journal of Forest Research 2021, 140, 819 -833.

AMA Style

Endijs Bāders, Kalev Jõgiste, Didzis Elferts, Floortje Vodde, Andres Kiviste, Solveiga Luguza, Āris Jansons. Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands. European Journal of Forest Research. 2021; 140 (4):819-833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Bāders; Kalev Jõgiste; Didzis Elferts; Floortje Vodde; Andres Kiviste; Solveiga Luguza; Āris Jansons. 2021. "Storm legacies shaping post-windthrow forest regeneration: learnings from spatial indices in unmanaged Norway spruce stands." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 4: 819-833.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2020 in Forests
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The increasing frequency and severity of natural disturbances (e.g., storms and insect outbreaks) due to climate change are expected to reduce the abundance of Norway spruce stands in the European forests. Under such conditions, the assessment of status quo on focusing on survival of Norway spruce stands are essential for the agility of forest management strategies. The dynamics (mortality rate) of Norway spruce stands in hemiboreal forests based on forest inventories for the period from 1975 to 2016 (inventories of 1975, 1985, 1999, 2011 and 2016) were analyzed in two forest landscapes in the western and eastern parts of Latvia (Vane and Dviete, respectively). The spatiotemporal changes in age-dependent mortality differing by abundance of Norway spruce and disturbance regime were assessed, focusing on the transitions of stands between age groups (inventories). The age-related changes in probability of stands transitioning into the next age group contrasted (p < 0.001) between sites. In Vane, the survival of stands between inventories was constant (ca. 90%), while in Dviete, it decreased sharply from 85.7% during 1985–1999 inventories to 49.3% in 2011–2016. Age-related decreases in stand survival showed local dependencies between both landscapes, namely, in Vane, notable decreases started from 61 years, while in Dviete, the downward trends started already from 31 years, probably due to different disturbance regimes. This suggests that, in forest management planning, the different outcomes for mortality patterns between both landscapes must be considered and should not be generalized for a whole country.

ACS Style

Endijs Bāders; Oskars Krišāns; Jānis Donis; Didzis Elferts; Ieva Jaunslaviete; Āris Jansons. Norway Spruce Survival Rate in Two Forested Landscapes, 1975–2016. Forests 2020, 11, 745 .

AMA Style

Endijs Bāders, Oskars Krišāns, Jānis Donis, Didzis Elferts, Ieva Jaunslaviete, Āris Jansons. Norway Spruce Survival Rate in Two Forested Landscapes, 1975–2016. Forests. 2020; 11 (7):745.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Bāders; Oskars Krišāns; Jānis Donis; Didzis Elferts; Ieva Jaunslaviete; Āris Jansons. 2020. "Norway Spruce Survival Rate in Two Forested Landscapes, 1975–2016." Forests 11, no. 7: 745.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2020 in Forests
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Freezing rain is a frequently occurring, but relatively rarely studied disturbance in Europe, although ice accumulation may occasionally cause severe damage for forestry. We aimed to characterize ice-accumulation damage to overstory trees in spruce stands, assess the probability of damage based on the stand and individual tree parameters, and define the most significant parameters that affect the probability of individual tree damage in all stands and in recently thinned stands. Among the studied stands, the proportion of damaged overstory spruce ranged from 1.8% to 60.9% and was higher (p < 0.001) in recently thinned stands (27.8% ± 1.9%) than in the other stands (20.4% ± 1.6%). Stem breakage was the prevalent (98.5% ± 1.1%) damage type. At the stand level, the probability of damage decreased for older, less dense stands with a larger mean diameter. Within stands, overstory trees were more damaged (23.5% ± 1.2%; p < 0.001) than those in the lower stand layers, but, within overstory, trees with larger dimensions and a higher social position (high relative diameter and low slenderness ratio) and a higher proportion of crown were less damaged. The probability of breakage to overstory trees was most accurately predicted using almost the same variables for all stands and recently thinned stands. The site type, tree height, relative diameter, and crown ratio were common for both, with the addition of mean diameter at breast height for all stands and the stand density for recently thinned stands. Our results indicate the importance of the tree and stand characteristics on the resistance of individual tree to ice accumulation and the need for management practices that balance increased growth and the stability of trees throughout the rotation.

ACS Style

Silva Šēnhofa; Juris Katrevičs; Andis Adamovičs; Kārlis Bičkovskis; Endijs Bāders; Jānis Donis; Āris Jansons. Tree Damage by Ice Accumulation in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands Regarding Stand Characteristics. Forests 2020, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Silva Šēnhofa, Juris Katrevičs, Andis Adamovičs, Kārlis Bičkovskis, Endijs Bāders, Jānis Donis, Āris Jansons. Tree Damage by Ice Accumulation in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands Regarding Stand Characteristics. Forests. 2020; 11 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silva Šēnhofa; Juris Katrevičs; Andis Adamovičs; Kārlis Bičkovskis; Endijs Bāders; Jānis Donis; Āris Jansons. 2020. "Tree Damage by Ice Accumulation in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands Regarding Stand Characteristics." Forests 11, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Forests
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Continuous cover forestry (CCF) aims to emulate small natural disturbances and take advantage of natural regeneration. To implement these management practices successfully, knowledge of advance regeneration under the canopy in different conditions is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of stand inventory parameters of canopy layer (age, basal area, height, and density) on the probability and density of advance regeneration of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in hemiboreal forests in Latvia. The data were obtained from the National Forest Inventory, from a total of 879 plots. In the study, only Norway spruce or Scots pine dominated stands were used and the sampled stand age ranged from 21 to 218 years. The probability of advance regeneration differed between stands dominated by Scots pine versus Norway spruce. The probability and density of the advance regeneration of Norway spruce were positively linked to increased stand age, whereas the probability of the advance regeneration of Scots pine was negatively linked to the basal area of the stand. In stands dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine on mesic soils, the advance regeneration of Norway spruce has a high density, whereas the advance regeneration of Scots pine is sporadic and scarce.

ACS Style

Solveiga Luguza; Guntars Snepsts; Janis Donis; Iveta Desaine; Endijs Baders; Mara Kitenberga; Didzis Elferts; Aris Jansons. Advance Regeneration of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia. Forests 2020, 11, 215 .

AMA Style

Solveiga Luguza, Guntars Snepsts, Janis Donis, Iveta Desaine, Endijs Baders, Mara Kitenberga, Didzis Elferts, Aris Jansons. Advance Regeneration of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):215.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Solveiga Luguza; Guntars Snepsts; Janis Donis; Iveta Desaine; Endijs Baders; Mara Kitenberga; Didzis Elferts; Aris Jansons. 2020. "Advance Regeneration of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine in Hemiboreal Forests in Latvia." Forests 11, no. 2: 215.

Original paper
Published: 07 December 2019 in European Journal of Forest Research
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The tree diameter distribution was used to characterize the impact of forest disturbances and the ecosystem dynamics during the process of regeneration in the absence of any management 44 years after the event. In addition, the impact of salvage logging after windthrow remains unknown, especially on long-term responses. In this study, comparisons were made between the “unsalvaged” and “salvaged” post-storm management scenarios. The study was conducted in Slitere Natural Park in the Northwest part of Latvia, where large-scale windthrow occurred on November 2, 1969. The three-parameter Weibull function was used to describe the diameter distribution of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands formed after large-scale wind storm in two site types (on fertile mineral soils: with normal moisture regime (fresh)—Oxalidosa—and with periodic excess water (wet)—Myrtilloso-sphagnosa) and where salvage logging was or was not carried out (management scenarios). The naturally regenerated stands remained Norway spruce dominated and were independent of the post-storm management scenarios; still, they were significantly affected by a forest type. The three-parameter Weibull distribution function suited well to actual diameter distributions of the sample plots. Diameter distributions significantly differed between the forest types: In Myrtilloso-sphagnosa (wet) forest stands, it was a negative exponential and in Oxalidosa (fresh) stands unimodal and positively skewed. We did not detect distribution differences caused by salvage after a large-scale disturbance, indicating that other factors (like ecological importance of deadwood, a risk of insect outbreaks to neighboring areas, etc.) need to be considered, when deciding on the post-storm management.

ACS Style

Endijs Bāders; Ilze Silamiķele; Olga Polyachenko; Andres Kiviste; Kalev Jõgiste; Āris Jansons. Long-term effects of salvage logging on stand composition in seminatural spruce forests. European Journal of Forest Research 2019, 139, 17 -27.

AMA Style

Endijs Bāders, Ilze Silamiķele, Olga Polyachenko, Andres Kiviste, Kalev Jõgiste, Āris Jansons. Long-term effects of salvage logging on stand composition in seminatural spruce forests. European Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 139 (1):17-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Bāders; Ilze Silamiķele; Olga Polyachenko; Andres Kiviste; Kalev Jõgiste; Āris Jansons. 2019. "Long-term effects of salvage logging on stand composition in seminatural spruce forests." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 1: 17-27.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2019 in Forests
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Forest ecosystems in Europe are expected to experience changes in temperature and water regimes associated with increased risks of extreme environmental events and disasters. Genetic diversity and relatedness has been linked to resilience of forest stands and landscapes. Genetic diversity indicators were compared between a Norway spruce population naturally regenerated after extensive windthrow and Norway spruce progeny populations derived from two seed orchards. In addition, genetic diversity in an undisturbed stand in a long established national park and a spruce genetic resource stand were analyzed. Populations were genotyped at 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Average genetic diversity indicators were similar across populations. However, the total number of alleles, average number of alleles over all loci, effective number of alleles, average gene diversity, and average allelic richness were highest in the naturally regenerated population and lowest in one of the seed orchard progeny populations. The genetic diversity in progeny from seed orchards used for stand renewal is comparable to the genetic diversity in naturally regenerated stands. However, fluctuations in seed production between years can have a large impact on genetic diversity in seed orchard progeny. The use of improved Norway spruce germplasm deployed via clonal seed orchards for forest renewal can maintain similar levels of genetic diversity compared to naturally regenerated stands, while also increasing production and timber quality.

ACS Style

Dainis Ruņģis; Solveiga Luguza; Endijs Bāders; Vilnis Šķipars; Āris Jansons. Comparison of Genetic Diversity in Naturally Regenerated Norway Spruce Stands and Seed Orchard Progeny Trials. Forests 2019, 10, 926 .

AMA Style

Dainis Ruņģis, Solveiga Luguza, Endijs Bāders, Vilnis Šķipars, Āris Jansons. Comparison of Genetic Diversity in Naturally Regenerated Norway Spruce Stands and Seed Orchard Progeny Trials. Forests. 2019; 10 (10):926.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dainis Ruņģis; Solveiga Luguza; Endijs Bāders; Vilnis Šķipars; Āris Jansons. 2019. "Comparison of Genetic Diversity in Naturally Regenerated Norway Spruce Stands and Seed Orchard Progeny Trials." Forests 10, no. 10: 926.

Proceedings article
Published: 10 December 2018
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ACS Style

Iveta Desaine; Endijs Baders; Juris Katrevics; Janis Smilga; Janis Jansons. Characteristic of browsing damages in Norway spruce stands. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Iveta Desaine, Endijs Baders, Juris Katrevics, Janis Smilga, Janis Jansons. Characteristic of browsing damages in Norway spruce stands. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iveta Desaine; Endijs Baders; Juris Katrevics; Janis Smilga; Janis Jansons. 2018. "Characteristic of browsing damages in Norway spruce stands." , no. : 1.

Proceedings article
Published: 10 December 2018
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ACS Style

Endijs Baders; Latvian State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’; Martins Lukins; Juris Zarins; Oskars Krisans; Aris Jansons; Jurgis Jansons. Recent land cover changes in Latvia. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Endijs Baders, Latvian State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’, Martins Lukins, Juris Zarins, Oskars Krisans, Aris Jansons, Jurgis Jansons. Recent land cover changes in Latvia. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Baders; Latvian State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’; Martins Lukins; Juris Zarins; Oskars Krisans; Aris Jansons; Jurgis Jansons. 2018. "Recent land cover changes in Latvia." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 15 November 2018 in Ecosphere
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In the Baltic States region, anthropogenic disturbances at different temporal and spatial scales mostly determine dynamics and development phases of forest ecosystems. We reviewed the state and condition of hemiboreal forests of the Baltic States region and analyzed species composition of recently established and permanent forest (PF). Agricultural deforestation and spontaneous or artificial conversion back to forest is a scenario leading to ecosystems designated as recent forest (RF, age up to two hundred years). Permanent forest (PF) was defined as areas with no records of agricultural activity during the last 200 yr, including mostly forests managed by traditional even‐aged (clear‐cut) silviculture and salvage after natural disturbances. We hypothesized that RF would have distinctive composition, with higher dominance by hardwoods (e.g., aspen and birch), compared to PF. Ordination revealed divergence in the RF stands; about half had the hypothesized composition distinct from PF, with a tight cluster of stands in the part of the ordination space with high hardwood dominance, while the remaining RF stands were scattered throughout the ordination space occupied by PF with highly variable species composition. Planting of conifers, variability in site quality, and variability in spatial proximity to PF with relatively natural ecosystem legacies likely explained the variable compositions of this latter group of RF. We positioned the observations of RF in a classic quantification of site type conditions (based on Estonian forest vegetation survey previously carried out by Lõhmus), which indicated that RF was more likely to occur on areas of higher soil fertility (in ordination space). Climatic and anthropogenic changes to RF create complex dynamic trends that are difficult to project into the future. Further research in tracing land use changes (using pollen analysis and documented evidence) should be utilized to refine the conceptual framework of ecosystem legacy and memory. Occurrence and frequency of deforestation and its characteristics as a novel disturbance regime are of particular interest.

ACS Style

Kalev Jõgiste; Lee Frelich; Diana Laarmann; Floortje Vodde; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Henn Korjus; Kajar Köster; Jürgen Kusmin; Timo Kuuluvainen; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Sandra Metslaid; Olga Polyachenko; Anneli Poska; Sille Rebane; John A. Stanturf. Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States. Ecosphere 2018, 9, e02503 .

AMA Style

Kalev Jõgiste, Lee Frelich, Diana Laarmann, Floortje Vodde, Endijs Baders, Janis Donis, Aris Jansons, Ahto Kangur, Henn Korjus, Kajar Köster, Jürgen Kusmin, Timo Kuuluvainen, Vitas Marozas, Marek Metslaid, Sandra Metslaid, Olga Polyachenko, Anneli Poska, Sille Rebane, John A. Stanturf. Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States. Ecosphere. 2018; 9 (11):e02503.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalev Jõgiste; Lee Frelich; Diana Laarmann; Floortje Vodde; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Henn Korjus; Kajar Köster; Jürgen Kusmin; Timo Kuuluvainen; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Sandra Metslaid; Olga Polyachenko; Anneli Poska; Sille Rebane; John A. Stanturf. 2018. "Imprints of management history on hemiboreal forest ecosystems in the Baltic States." Ecosphere 9, no. 11: e02503.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in Forests
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The choice of seed material (genetics) is one of the tools that can improve adaptation to the changing climate. Insufficient adaptation can result in a number of potential risks, including stem cracking. The goal of this study is to assess the influence of genetics and wood properties on stem cracking in Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst). The study was conducted on a 35-year-old provenance trial in Eastern Latvia. Stem cracks were assessed using a six-score scale. Tree-ring parameters, i.e., latewood proportion, maximum and mean density, mean earlywood, and latewood density were analysed. The overall incidence of stem cracking was 23.5%, varying between 0% and 79% at a family mean level. Heritability of stem cracking was low, ca., two times lower than for the diameter at breast height (DBH): h2 = 0.09 and 0.21, respectively. There were non-significant family and provenance effects on the occurrence of stem cracks, and weak family mean correlations between DBH, and the proportion of trees with any stem cracks or severe stem cracks. Overall, larger trees were more prone to cracking irrespective of provenance or family. Cracked trees had lower wood density parameters than unaffected trees, yet the latewood proportion was similar. Silvicultural treatments or selection to improve wood density could be suggested to reduce the risk of stem cracking.

ACS Style

PaulS Zeltiņš; Juris Katrevičs; Arnis Gailis; Tiit Maaten; Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons. Effect of Stem Diameter, Genetics, and Wood Properties on Stem Cracking in Norway Spruce. Forests 2018, 9, 546 .

AMA Style

PaulS Zeltiņš, Juris Katrevičs, Arnis Gailis, Tiit Maaten, Endijs Bāders, Āris Jansons. Effect of Stem Diameter, Genetics, and Wood Properties on Stem Cracking in Norway Spruce. Forests. 2018; 9 (9):546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

PaulS Zeltiņš; Juris Katrevičs; Arnis Gailis; Tiit Maaten; Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons. 2018. "Effect of Stem Diameter, Genetics, and Wood Properties on Stem Cracking in Norway Spruce." Forests 9, no. 9: 546.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2018 in Forests
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Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae (Schrnk.)) has gained attention due to recent outbreaks in the eastern Baltic Sea region—Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. In the spring of 2010, it spread rapidly across Latvia, affecting large areas of Norway spruce stands. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the damage caused by spruce bud scale in Norway spruce stands. In this study, we evaluated landscape metrics for middle-aged (40 to 70 years old) Norway spruce-dominated stands (>70% of stand’s basal area) in four of the most affected forest massifs and two unaffected forest massifs. We used a binary logistic generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMMs) to assess the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of the spruce bud scale. Our results show that increased local diversity within 100 m of a forest patch apparently reduced the probability of spruce bud scale presence. We also found that the diversity within 1000 m of a patch was associated with an increased probability of spruce bud scale damage. A quantitative analysis of landscape metrics in our study indicated that greater landscape-scale diversity of stands may reduce insect damages.

ACS Style

Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons; Roberts Matisons; Didzis Elferts; Iveta Desaine. Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia. Forests 2018, 9, 545 .

AMA Style

Endijs Bāders, Āris Jansons, Roberts Matisons, Didzis Elferts, Iveta Desaine. Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia. Forests. 2018; 9 (9):545.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons; Roberts Matisons; Didzis Elferts; Iveta Desaine. 2018. "Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia." Forests 9, no. 9: 545.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2018 in Forests
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Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

ACS Style

Laura Ķēniņa; Didzis Elferts; Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons. Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands. Forests 2018, 9, 435 .

AMA Style

Laura Ķēniņa, Didzis Elferts, Endijs Bāders, Āris Jansons. Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands. Forests. 2018; 9 (7):435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Ķēniņa; Didzis Elferts; Endijs Bāders; Āris Jansons. 2018. "Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands." Forests 9, no. 7: 435.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Forestry Studies
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Pruning requires significant investment, therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize occlusion of branch wounds and changes in radial increment as well as frequency of browsing damages after pruning of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in order to provide data for financial calculations and recommendations for practical forestry. Altogether 1,614 pruned and 4,368 unpruned trees from 45 Norway spruce stands were measured and cored. Degree of wound occlusion and browsing damages were assessed, and additional volume increment estimated in each stand. Pruning resulted in significant increase of length of branch-free section: for unpruned trees it was 0.3 ± 0.07 m, but for pruned 3.4 ± 0.10 m. Branch wounds for most of the trees (68%) were filled with resin (occluded), for lower share of trees (31%) – still open, but for some trees (1%) completely occluded. Branch wound occlusion rate was not affected by differences in stand density, but was significantly affected by stand age: proportion of trees with occluded branch scars increased with age. Trees with occluded branch wounds had a significantly higher increase in tree ring width after the pruning in comparison to the period before pruning than trees with open branch wounds, emphasizing the importance of radial increment in development of branch-free layer of wood. Pruning resulted in minor (−7% or −0.28 ± 0.05 m3 ha−1) reduction of annual increment that was statistically significant only up to 3 years after this forest management activity for stands younger than 17 years and with mean height up to 10.5 m. Pruned trees were significantly more browsed than unpruned (6.1% and 2.7%, respectively).

ACS Style

Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Guntars Snepsts; Andis Adamovičs; Āris Jansons. Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality. Forestry Studies 2017, 66, 33 -48.

AMA Style

Endijs Baders, Janis Donis, Guntars Snepsts, Andis Adamovičs, Āris Jansons. Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality. Forestry Studies. 2017; 66 (1):33-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Guntars Snepsts; Andis Adamovičs; Āris Jansons. 2017. "Pruning effect on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growth and quality." Forestry Studies 66, no. 1: 33-48.

Article
Published: 21 February 2017 in Ecosphere
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The condition of forest ecosystems depends on the temporal and spatial pattern of management interventions and natural disturbances. Remnants of previous conditions persisting after disturbances, or ecosystem legacies, collectively comprise ecosystem memory. Ecosystem memory in turn contributes to resilience and possibilities of ecosystem reorganization following further disturbance. Understanding the role of disturbance and legacies is a prerequisite for maintaining resilience in the face of global change. Several legacy concepts discussed in the peer-reviewed literature, including disturbance, biological, soil, land-use, and silvicultural legacies, overlap in complex ways. Here, we review these established legacy concepts and propose that the new terms “material legacy” (individuals or matter, e.g., survivors, coarse woody debris, nutrients left after disturbance) and “information legacy” (adaptations to historical disturbance regimes) cut across these previous concepts and lead to a new classification of legacies. This includes six categories: material legacies with above- and belowground, and biotic and abiotic categories, and information legacies with above- and belowground categories. These six legacies are influenced by differential patterns of editing and conditioning by “legacy syndromes” that result from natural or human-manipulated disturbance regimes that can be arranged along a gradient of naturalness. This scheme is applied to a case study of hemiboreal forests in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, where natural disturbance, traditional clearcut silviculture, and afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands constitute the three main legacy syndromes. These legacy syndromes in turn influence forest response to management actions and constrain resilience, leading to a mosaic of natural, manipulated, and artificial (novel) ecosystems across the landscape, depending on how the legacies in each syndrome affect ecological memory.

ACS Style

Kalev Jõgiste; Henn Korjus; John A. Stanturf; Lee Frelich; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Kajar Köster; Diana Laarmann; Tiit Maaten; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Kristi Nigul; Olga Polyachenko; Tiit Randveer; Floortje Vodde. Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere 2017, 8, e01706 .

AMA Style

Kalev Jõgiste, Henn Korjus, John A. Stanturf, Lee Frelich, Endijs Baders, Janis Donis, Aris Jansons, Ahto Kangur, Kajar Köster, Diana Laarmann, Tiit Maaten, Vitas Marozas, Marek Metslaid, Kristi Nigul, Olga Polyachenko, Tiit Randveer, Floortje Vodde. Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere. 2017; 8 (2):e01706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kalev Jõgiste; Henn Korjus; John A. Stanturf; Lee Frelich; Endijs Baders; Janis Donis; Aris Jansons; Ahto Kangur; Kajar Köster; Diana Laarmann; Tiit Maaten; Vitas Marozas; Marek Metslaid; Kristi Nigul; Olga Polyachenko; Tiit Randveer; Floortje Vodde. 2017. "Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management." Ecosphere 8, no. 2: e01706.