Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, which increases fracture risk. In the context of various chronic pathologies, this condition may present an even higher prevalence, impacting morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. To synthesize and compare available evidence from systematic reviews on the prevalence of osteoporosis across different chronic diseases. An umbrella review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, focusing on systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis) reporting prevalence data of osteoporosis in adults with at least one chronic disease. Databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE, were searched, covering publications between 2009 and 2023, without language restrictions. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction, resolving discrepancies through consensus. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using the ROBIS tool. Prevalence estimates reported in each review were analyzed, classifying diseases according to the magnitude of the percentages found. Thirteen systematic reviews were evaluated (twelve included meta-analyses). The highest prevalence of osteoporosis was observed in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (up to 36.8%) and diabetes mellitus (approximately 27.7%). Other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, and celiac disease, showed variable prevalence but were equally relevant in clinical terms. Methodological heterogeneity, both in diagnostic criteria and populations, was a notable factor. The results highlight the need for systematic assessment of bone health in patients with chronic diseases, particularly those with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis. These findings underscore the importance of timely screening strategies and multidisciplinary approaches to prevent fractures and optimize comprehensive care. Not applicable.

Introduction: Prediabetes represents a significant public health challenge in Latin America. Its prevalence varies considerably depending on the diagnostic criteria used, which hinders a precise understanding of its magnitude in the region. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of prediabetes in Latin America through a systematic review (SR). Methods: A SR and meta-analysis was conducted searching through October 25, 2024 in SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed. Studies were included if they: (1) used probabilistic sampling methods, (2) included adult participants (≥ 18 years), (3) assessed prediabetes using WHO criteria, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, or HbA1c, and (4) were published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Studies using non-probabilistic sampling, focusing on specific medical conditions, or lacking sufficient data to calculate prevalence or incidence were excluded. Random-effect models were used to estimate pooled prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed using I² statistics and publication bias through funnel plots. Results: Twenty-five studies from 9 countries published between 1992 and 2023 were analyzed. The pooled prevalence of prediabetes was 24% (95% CI: 18–30%). According to specific criteria, the prevalences were: WHO 11% (95% CI: 5–18%), FG 18% (95% CI: 10–27%), PPG 20% (95% CI: 3–46%), and HbA1c 32% (95% CI: 21–52%). High heterogeneity was observed among studies (I² = 99–100%, p < 0.001). Only one study analyzed the incidence, which was 12.8%. Conclusions: Prediabetes prevalence in Latin America is high, with significant variations by diagnostic criteria. The limited number of incidence studies and high heterogeneity highlight the need for standardized approaches in future research. Implementation of preventive strategies and strengthening of epidemiological surveillance systems are crucial for addressing this public health challenge.

Arterial hypertension (HTN) is a global public health problem with three distinct subtypes: isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systodiastolic hypertension (SDH), each with unique clinical implications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of ISH, IDH, and SDH and their variability. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE. A random-effects model with the Freeman-Tukey transformation was used for the meta-analysis, and a meta-regression was performed to assess temporal trends. Twenty-seven studies from five continents were included, revealing pooled global prevalence rates of 10.72% for ISH, 5.07% for IDH, and 11.71% for SDH. Extreme heterogeneity was observed (I² = 100%), reflecting substantial methodological diversity. The meta-regression suggested an increasing trend for ISH over time, while non-significant decreasing trends were observed for IDH and SDH. In conclusion, all three HTN subtypes show clinically relevant prevalences, with ISH and SDH being nearly twice as common as IDH. The high heterogeneity underscores the urgent need for research standardization, and these findings highlight the importance of differentiating subtypes for more effective population-level screening and public health planning.

Introduction: In Peru, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and obesity has increased significantly while healthy lifestyles have declined. However, the geographic distribution of these conditions at the provincial level has not been fully elucidated. Objective: To conduct a geospatial analysis to provide a comprehensive view of the distribution of DM, HTN, obesity, and lifestyles across Peruvian provinces. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2023 Demographic and Family Health Survey (DHS). Descriptive analysis of the study variables was performed, and geospatial analysis techniques, including heat maps and the Local Moran's Index, were used to identify distribution patterns and clusters. Results: The national prevalence of DM, HTN, and obesity was 5.66%, 20.43%, and 27.67%, respectively. It was found that 8.35% were current smokers, 2.24% consumed alcohol excessively, and 90.69% consumed fewer than five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Geospatial analysis revealed hotspots of high DM prevalence in the provinces of Oyon (Lima) and Daniel Alcides Carrion (Pasco), HTN in Putumayo (Loreto) and Corongo (Ancash), and obesity in Putumayo and Maynas (Loreto), and Pallasca (Ancash). Regarding lifestyles, clusters of high alcohol consumption were identified in the provinces of Piura and Cajamarca, high tobacco consumption in Loreto and San Martin, and low fruit and vegetable consumption in Lima and Huanuco. Conclusions: Marked geographical disparities were observed in the prevalence of chronic diseases and unhealthy lifestyles among Peruvian provinces, with a notable concentration in jungle regions and some coastal Andean areas.

Introduction In patients with hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM), lifestyles should be optimal to avoid long-term complications. However, it is sometimes unclear whether the disease duration factor could contribute to their improvement. Objective 1) To analyze the trend of lifestyles in patients with DM or HTN; 2) to determine the association of lifestyles according to the time since diagnosis in these patients. Materials and methods Analytical cross-sectional study based on Peru’s Demographic and Family Health Survey between 2014 and 2023. Lifestyles were: smoking status, alcohol consumption, and fruit/vegetable consumption. The time since diagnosis variable was dichotomized (< 2 years versus ≥ 2 years). Results Lifestyle trends between the established years showed a fluctuating pattern, with a significant interruption in 2020, followed by a return to pre-2020 variations, except for a decrease in smokers in subjects with HTN. On the other hand, no significant association was found between any of the three lifestyles and the time since diagnosis of HTN or DM2. Conclusion The trends found in lifestyles have not resulted in a sustained decrease in bad habits or a constant improvement in healthy lifestyles, except for smokers in patients with HTN, but rather a general state without substantial changes has been maintained. In turn, the disease duration does not seem to be a determining factor for changes in the lifestyles of patients with DM or HTN.