In recent studies, lipid nanoparticles have attracted attention as drug delivery systems owing to their preeminent potential in achieving the desired bioavailability of biopharmaceutics (BCS) class II and class IV drugs. The current debate concerns the bioavailability of these poorly absorbed drugs with their simultaneous oral degradation. Lipid nanoparticles, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), are lipid-based carrier systems that can effectively encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, offering versatile drug delivery systems. The unique properties of lipids (biodegradability and biocompatibility) and their transportation pathways enhance the biological availability of drugs. These particles can increase the gastrointestinal absorption and solubilization of minimally bioavailable drugs via a selective lymphatic pathway. This review mainly focuses on providing a brief update on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that synergistically increase the bioavailability of limited permeable drugs and highlight the transversal mechanisms of LNPs across the gastrointestinal hurdles, transmembrane absorption, transport kinetics, and computational tools. Finally, the present hurdles and future perspectives of LNPs for oral drug delivery systems are discussed.

Inert polymeric implants must evolve to enhance their biological interactions with host tissue, triggering positive cellular responses and promoting tissue bonding and integration. Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is widely used as an implant material; however, its inert nature results in limited biological interactions. Various surface modification techniques have been investigated to enhance its bioactivity and overall biological performance. In this study, the PEEK surface was bioactivated through a chemical treatment involving two steps: surface activation using low-pressure oxygen plasma, followed by biofunctionalization with phosphate and calcium ions. Comprehensive surface characterization by contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) confirmed the effect of plasma and the ionic surface incorporation. The biological response was evaluated through cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and HOS osteoblasts, and the results indicated the efficacy of the surface modifications. Therefore, the proposed treatments provide an efficient strategy to improve the biological performance of PEEK-based implants.

This study aimed to develop a recycling process for reintegrating dental zirconia waste into CAD/CAM systems and to demonstrate the feasibility of producing functional products from the recycled material. The process began with the purification of zirco-nia, followed by the fabrication of pre sintered blocks compatible with these systems. Subsequently, sintered commercial and recycled zirconia were characterized and compared through density measurements, Vickers hardness, flexural strength, X ray diffraction, hydrothermal degradation analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that recycled zirconia exhibits structural properties suitable for practi-cal applications, enabling the fabrication of several industrial prototypes. Overall, this work demonstrates that high value materials such as zirconia can be successfully recy-cled and reintegrated into manufacturing workflows, thereby reducing harmful waste while contributing to environmental sustainability and cost reduction.

Achieving effective tissue integration depends mainly on the biological performance of polymeric implants. Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is widely used as an implant material; however, its inert nature results in limited biological interactions. Various surface modification techniques have been investigated to enhance its bioactivity and overall biological performance. In this study, the PEEK surface was activated using low-pressure oxygen plasma and functionalized with phosphate and calcium ions. Comprehensive surface characterization by contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) confirmed the effect of plasma and the ionic surface incorporation. The biological response was evaluated through cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and HOS osteoblasts, and the results indicated the efficacy of the surface modifications. Therefore, the proposed treatments provide an efficient strategy to improve the biological performance of PEEK-based implants.

This study proposes the development of a recycling process for the reintegration of dental zirconia waste into CAD/CAM systems for rapid prototyping, with the objective of demonstrating the feasibility of manufacturing functional products from recycled zirconia obtained from a commercial dental laboratory. The proposed methodology aims to explore a simple and economically viable process, which involves the purification and processing of a heterogeneous zirconia powder, followed by the fabrication of pre-sintered blocks suitable for CAD/CAM applications. The recycled bulk ceramic was characterized and compared with commercial zirconia through density measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Vickers hardness, flexural strength testing, and sintering shrinkage analysis. The results indicated that, although recycled zirconia exhibits lower property values than the commercial reference material, it retains adequate characteristics for specific practical applications. Consequently, to demonstrate industrial feasibility, four components were designed using CAD and machined using CAM from the recycled blocks, simulating a rapid prototyping process. The fabricated components exhibited a smooth and flawless surface, were mechanically robust and solid to the touch, and showed well-defined contours with sharp edges. Dimensional analysis demonstrated high accuracy, with an average percentage error of 0.53% ± 0.14. These findings demonstrate that high-value ceramic waste can be reintegrated into the production chain as functional industrial components through a process that is closely aligned with the real conditions of industrial recycling, while also mitigating environmental contamination from hazardous industrial waste.