Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system represents the most polymorphic segment within human DNA sequences and constitutes a core component of immune defense responses and in understanding population genetics. This research investigates the distribution of HLA class I and II polymorphisms across different ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, offering valuable insights into the genetic diversity and demographic evolution within this region. Methods: We performed an in-depth examination of HLA class I and II polymorphisms across diverse ethnic communities living in Kazakhstan, including Kazakhs, Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Koreans. Utilizing data from high-resolution HLA typing studies allowed us to assess allele frequencies alongside haplotype distributions while analyzing genetic interrelations between these populations. Additionally, we performed comparative assessments with global HLA databases to determine the genetic affiliations between these groups and their relationships with neighboring and more distant populations. Results: Our study revealed over 200 HLA alleles within the analyzed populations, and significant variations were observed in their allele and haplotype frequencies. Notably, the Kazakh group exhibited strong genetic ties to Asian and Siberian demographics; conversely, other ethnicities showed associations reflective of their historical roots. Notable alleles included HLA-A*02:01, B*07:02, C*07:02, DRB1*07:01, and DQB1*03:01, commonly observed across various groups. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed the presence of population-specific haplotypes, highlighting distinct genetic structures within these communities. Conclusions: The findings highlight the significant genetic diversity in Kazakhstan, influenced by its geographical location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. These results are pertinent to immunogenetics, transplantation medicine, and personalized healthcare within Kazakhstan and adjacent regions. Future research should expand the sample size and explore disease associations to enhance our comprehension of HLA genetics across Central Asia.

Sepsis-induced liver failure remains a serious and often under-recognized complication of abdominal sepsis. Clinical reports suggest that liver dysfunction develops in a substantial proportion of these patients, and once failure ensues, mortality rises sharply. Despite progress in antimicrobial therapy and critical care support, there is still no therapy that directly halts or reliably reverses septic liver injury. Systemic drug administration frequently underperforms in this setting. Hepatic drug accumulation becomes unpredictable, pharmacokinetics shift, and immune dysregulation further complicates therapeutic control. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have attempted to address these shortcomings by improving drug stability and circulation time. Yet their behavior under septic conditions remains inconsistent. This inconsistency may reflect a deeper issue: most carriers are engineered under relatively stable physiological assumptions that do not hold during systemic inflammation. Biomimetic platforms, particularly those derived from erythrocyte membranes, offer a different conceptual entry point. Rather than merely evading immune recognition, erythrocyte-based systems interact naturally with hepatic clearance pathways. During sepsis, erythrocyte turnover appears to accelerate, and macrophage-mediated clearance in the liver intensifies. This shift, while pathologic, may present a therapeutic opportunity. In this review, we examine current liver-targeted delivery strategies for sepsis-induced liver failure and critically assess the underexplored role of erythrocyte ghost-based systems. We discuss how sepsis-specific pathophysiological changes reshape carrier biodistribution, identify translational constraints, and propose design considerations for inflammation-adaptive biomimetic platforms. By reconsidering hepatic clearance not solely as a pharmacokinetic barrier but as a potential delivery route, we outline a disease-aligned approach to nanomedicine design in septic organ failure.

Background/Objectives: Non-receptive endometrium is associated with recurrent implantation failure, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of pregnancy during IVF; therefore, new treatment methods such as the use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) are gaining popularity in the treatment of infertility in women with repeated unsuccessful IVF attempts. Methods: A total of 38 women were included in this study, with the main complaint being the inability to conceive or maintain pregnancy. Medical examination, laboratory tests, ultrasound of the pelvic organs and hysteroscopy were performed. After that, whole blood was taken to prepare an autologous PRP; then, the PRP was inserted into the uterine using an intrauterine catheter in the first phase of the menstrual cycle (1–7 procedures). The primary outcome of this study was an increase in endometrial thickness and improvement of the receptive endometrial layer. The secondary outcome was pregnancy rate. This was a single-center prospective interventional clinical study. Results: Statistical analysis of changes in endometrial thickness after PRP therapy showed that endometrial thickness indicators after treatment significantly exceeded the values before the intervention. This may be evidence of the effectiveness of PRP therapy for thin endometrium. When analyzing pregnancy status, it was noted that after receiving PRP, more than half (56% of cases) became pregnant and the majority of them successfully gave birth. Conclusions: Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that intrauterine injection of PRP may be a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of thin endometrium and associated infertility. The use of PRP demonstrated effectiveness in increasing the thickness of the endometrium, regardless of pregnancy, while the secondary indicator was the frequency of successful pregnancies among the participants.

В статье представлены результаты анализа данных литературных источников по роли лейкоцитарных антител при трансплантации органов. При трансплантации адаптивный иммунитет считается основным ответом на пересаженную ткань, в котором важную роль играют антигены лейкоцитов человека, представляющие собой молекулы основного комплекса гистосовместимости, экспрессируемые на поверхности донорских клеток. Учитывая роль HLA-антител при трансплантации солидных органов, необходимо не только определить процентное содержание панели реактивных антител, но и их специфичность к локусам DQ и DP. При наличии антител в обязательном порядке следует определить их специфичность к донорским антигенам (DSA). Следовательно, донор должен быть типизирован по локусам HLA -A*,B*, C*, DRB1*, DQ*, DP*. Кроме того, жизненно важно разделять комплементсвязывающие и несвязывающие антитела. Также важно правильно выбрать метод исследования антител. Учитывая, что наиболее чувствительным методом на сегодняшний день является технология микросфер (Luminex), для диагностики DSA следует использовать одну антигенную гранулу с установлением значения пор положительной реакции интенсивности флуоресценции для конкретной лаборатории. Мақалада ағзаларды трансплантациялаудағы лейкоциттік антиденелердің рөлі туралы әдеби дереккөздердің деректерін талдау нәтижелері келтірілген. Трансплантация кезінде адаптивті иммунитет трансплантацияланған тінге негізгі жауап болып саналады, онда донорлық жасушалардың бетінде көрсетілген негізгі гистосәйкестік кешенінің молекулалары болып табылатын адамның ақ қан жасушаларының антигендері маңызды рөл атқарады. Қатты мүшелерді трансплантациялаудағы HLA антиденелерінің рөлін ескере отырып, реактивті антиденелер панелінің пайызын ғана емес, сонымен қатар олардың DQ және DP локустарына ерекшелігін анықтау қажет. Егер антиденелер болса, олардың донорлық антигендерге (DSA) ерекшелігі міндетті түрде анықталуы керек. Сондықтан донорды HLA-A*,B*, C*, drb1*, DQ*, DP*локустары бойынша теру керек. Сонымен қатар, комплемент байланыстыратын және байланыспайтын антиденелерді бөлу өте маңызды. Антиденелерді дұрыс зерттеу әдісін таңдау да маңызды. Бүгінгі таңда ең сезімтал әдіс микросфера технологиясы (Luminex) екенін ескере отырып, DSA диагностикасы үшін белгілі бір зертхана үшін флуоресценция қарқындылығының оң реакциясының кеуек мәнін анықтайтын бір антигендік түйіршікті пайдалану керек. Organ and tissue transplantation is one of the main methods of treating organ insufficiency. In transplants, adaptive immunity is considered to be the main response to the transplanted tissue, in which human leukocyte antigens, which are molecules of the basic histocompatibility complex, expressed on the surface of donor cells, play an important role. We aimed to analyze the literature data on the role of leukocyte antibodies in organ transplantation. Considering the role of HLA antibodies in solid organ transplantation, it is necessary not only to determine the percentage of reactive antibody panel, but also their specificity to the DQ and DP loci. In the presence of antibodies, it should be mandatory to determine their specificity to donor antigens (DSA). Consequently, the donor should be typed by HLA loci-A*,B*,C*,DRB1*, DQ*, DP*. Additionally, it is vital to separate complement binding and non-binding antibodies. It is also important to choose the right method of antibody research. Given that the most sensitive method today is the microsphere technology (Luminex), Single antigen bead should be used to diagnose DSA with the establishment of a pore value of a positive fluorescence intensity reaction for a specific laboratory.