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In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.
Harmaen Saffian; Masayuki Yamaguchi; Hidayah Ariffin; Khalina Abdan; Nur Kassim; Seng Lee; Ching Lee; Ayu Shafi; Aisyah Humairah Alias. Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin. Polymers 2021, 13, 2359 .
AMA StyleHarmaen Saffian, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Hidayah Ariffin, Khalina Abdan, Nur Kassim, Seng Lee, Ching Lee, Ayu Shafi, Aisyah Humairah Alias. Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin. Polymers. 2021; 13 (14):2359.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarmaen Saffian; Masayuki Yamaguchi; Hidayah Ariffin; Khalina Abdan; Nur Kassim; Seng Lee; Ching Lee; Ayu Shafi; Aisyah Humairah Alias. 2021. "Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin." Polymers 13, no. 14: 2359.
Residual hemicellulose could enhance cellulose nanofiber (CNF) processing as it impedes the agglomeration of the nanocellulose fibrils and contributes to complete nanofibrillation within a shorter period of time. Its effect on CNF performance as a reinforcement material is unclear, and hence this study seeks to evaluate the performance of CNF in the presence of amorphous hemicellulose as a reinforcement material in a polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Two types of CNF were prepared: SHS-CNF, which contained about 11% hemicellulose, and KOH-CNF, with complete hemicellulose removal. Mechanical properties of the PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF showed an almost similar increment in tensile strength (31% and 32%) and flexural strength (28% and 29%) when 3 wt.% of CNF was incorporated in PP, indicating that hemicellulose in SHS-CNF did not affect the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposite. The crystallinity of both PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF nanocomposites showed an almost similar value at 55–56%. A slight decrement in thermal stability was seen, whereby the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss (T d10%) of PP/SHS-CNF was 6 °C lower at 381 °C compared to 387 °C for PP/KOH-CNF, which can be explained by the degradation of thermally unstable hemicellulose. The results from this study showed that the presence of some portion of hemicellulose in CNF did not affect the CNF properties, suggesting that complete hemicellulose removal may not be necessary for the preparation of CNF to be used as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites. This will lead to less harsh pretreatment for CNF preparation and, hence, a more sustainable nanocomposite can be produced.
Mohd Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hassan; Nor Ibrahim; Wan Yunus; Haruo Nishida. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers 2021, 13, 1064 .
AMA StyleMohd Norrrahim, Hidayah Ariffin, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Hassan, Nor Ibrahim, Wan Yunus, Haruo Nishida. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hassan; Nor Ibrahim; Wan Yunus; Haruo Nishida. 2021. "Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1064.
This study provides insight into the decolorization strategy for crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production using waste cooking oil as raw material. A sequential procedure that includes physico-chemical treatment and adsorption using activated carbon from oil palm biomass was investigated. The results evidenced decolorization and enrichment of glycerol go hand in hand during the treatment, achieving >89% color removal and > 98% increase in glycerol content, turning the glycerol into a clear (colorless) solution. This is attributed to the complete removal of methanol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, as well as 85% removal of water, and 93% removal of potassium. Properties of the resultant glycerol met the quality standard of BS 2621:1979. The economic aspects of the proposed methods are examined to fully construct a predesign budgetary estimation according to chemical engineering principles. The starting capital is proportionate to the number of physical assets to acquire where both entail a considerable cost at USD 13,200. Having the benefit of sizeable scale production, it reasonably reduces the operating cost per unit product. As productivity sets at 33 m3 per annum, the annual operating costs amount to USD 79,902 in glycerol decolorization. This is translatable to USD 5.38 per liter glycerol, which is ~69% lower compared to using commercial activated carbon.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 27976 -27987.
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (22):27976-27987.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. 2021. "Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 22: 27976-27987.
The development of bio-polyol from vegetable oil and its derivatives is gaining much interest from polyurethane industries and academia. In view of this, the availability of methyl oleate derived from palm oil, which is aimed at biodiesel production, provides an excellent feedstock to produce bio-polyol for polyurethane applications. In this recent study, response surface methodology (RSM) with a combination of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to optimise the reaction parameters in order to obtain a maximised hydroxyl value (OHV). Three reaction parameters were selected, namely the mole ratio of epoxidised methyl oleate (EMO) to glycerol (1:5–1:10), the amount of catalyst loading (0.15–0.55%) and reaction temperature (90–150 °C) on a response variable as the hydroxyl value (OHV). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the quadratic model was significant at 98% confidence level with (p-value > 0.0001) with an insignificant lack of fit and the regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9897. The optimum reaction conditions established by the predicted model were: 1:10 mole ratio of EMO to glycerol, 0.18% of catalyst and 120 °C reaction temperature, giving a hydroxyl value (OHV) of 306.190 mg KOH/g for the experimental value and 301.248 mg KOH/g for the predicted value. This result proves that the RSM model is capable of forecasting the relevant response. FTIR analysis was employed to monitor the changes of functional group for each synthesis and the confirmation of this finding was analysed by NMR analysis. The viscosity and average molecular weight (MW) were 513.48 mPa and 491 Da, respectively.
Norsuhaili Kamairudin; Seng Hoong; Luqman Abdullah; Hidayah Ariffin; Dayang Biak. Optimisation of Epoxide Ring-Opening Reaction for the Synthesis of Bio-Polyol from Palm Oil Derivative Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2021, 26, 648 .
AMA StyleNorsuhaili Kamairudin, Seng Hoong, Luqman Abdullah, Hidayah Ariffin, Dayang Biak. Optimisation of Epoxide Ring-Opening Reaction for the Synthesis of Bio-Polyol from Palm Oil Derivative Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2021; 26 (3):648.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorsuhaili Kamairudin; Seng Hoong; Luqman Abdullah; Hidayah Ariffin; Dayang Biak. 2021. "Optimisation of Epoxide Ring-Opening Reaction for the Synthesis of Bio-Polyol from Palm Oil Derivative Using Response Surface Methodology." Molecules 26, no. 3: 648.
Polylactic acid (PLA), a potential alternative material for single use plastics, generally portrays a slow crystallization rate during melt-processing. The use of a nanomaterial such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) may affect the crystallization rate by acting as a nucleating agent. CNF at a certain wt.% has been evidenced as a good reinforcement material for PLA; nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the correlation between the amount of CNF in PLA that promotes its functionality as reinforcement material, and its effect on PLA nucleation for improving the crystallization rate. This work investigated the nucleation effect of PLA incorporated with CNF at different fiber loading (1–6 wt.%) through an isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties of the PLA/CNF nanocomposites were also investigated. PLA/CNF3 exhibited the highest crystallization onset temperature and enthalpy among all the PLA/CNF nanocomposites. PLA/CNF3 also had the highest crystallinity of 44.2% with an almost 95% increment compared to neat PLA. The highest crystallization rate of 0.716 min–1 was achieved when PLA/CNF3 was isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. The crystallization rate was 65-fold higher as compared to the neat PLA (0.011 min–1). At CNF content higher than 3 wt.%, the crystallization rate decreased, suggesting the occurrence of agglomeration at higher CNF loading as evidenced by the FESEM micrographs. In contrast to the tensile properties, the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded by PLA/CNF4 at 76.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa, respectively. These values were, however, not much different compared to PLA/CNF3 (74.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa), suggesting that CNF at 3 wt.% can be used to improve both the crystallization rate and the mechanical properties. Results obtained from this study revealed the dual function of CNF in PLA nanocomposite, namely as nucleating agent and reinforcement material. Being an organic and biodegradable material, CNF has an increased advantage for use in PLA as compared to non-biodegradable material and is foreseen to enhance the potential use of PLA in single use plastics applications.
Siti Shazleen; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Nor Ibrahim; Mohd Hassan; Hidayah Ariffin. Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite. Polymers 2021, 13, 389 .
AMA StyleSiti Shazleen, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Nor Ibrahim, Mohd Hassan, Hidayah Ariffin. Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiti Shazleen; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Nor Ibrahim; Mohd Hassan; Hidayah Ariffin. 2021. "Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 3: 389.
The major hurdle in melt-processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nanocomposite lies on the high melt viscosity of the UHMWPE, which may contribute to poor dispersion and distribution of the nanofiller. In this study, UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (UHMWPE/CNF) bionanocomposites were prepared by two different blending methods: (i) melt blending at 150 °C in a triple screw kneading extruder, and (ii) non-melt blending by ethanol mixing at room temperature. Results showed that melt-processing of UHMWPE without CNF (MB-UHMWPE/0) exhibited an increment in yield strength and Young’s modulus by 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to the Neat-UHMWPE. Tensile strength was however reduced by almost half. Ethanol mixed sample without CNF (EM-UHMWPE/0) on the other hand showed slight decrement in all mechanical properties tested. At 0.5% CNF inclusion, the mechanical properties of melt-blended bionanocomposites (MB-UHMWPE/0.5) were improved as compared to Neat-UHMWPE. It was also found that the yield strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, toughness and crystallinity of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 were higher by 28%, 61%, 47%, 45% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the ethanol mixing sample (EM-UHMWPE/0.5). Despite the reduction in tensile strength of MB-UHMWPE/0.5, the value i.e., 28.4 ± 1.0 MPa surpassed the minimum requirement of standard specification for fabricated UHMWPE in surgical implant application. Overall, melt-blending processing is more suitable for the preparation of UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites as exhibited by their characteristics presented herein. A better mechanical interlocking between UHMWPE and CNF at high temperature mixing with kneading was evident through FE-SEM observation, explains the higher mechanical properties of MB-UHMWPE/0.5 as compared to EM-UHMWPE/0.5.
Nur Sharip; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Yoshito Andou; Yuki Shirosaki; Mohammad Jawaid; Paridah Tahir; Nor Ibrahim. Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite. Polymers 2021, 13, 404 .
AMA StyleNur Sharip, Hidayah Ariffin, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Yoshito Andou, Yuki Shirosaki, Mohammad Jawaid, Paridah Tahir, Nor Ibrahim. Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Sharip; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Yoshito Andou; Yuki Shirosaki; Mohammad Jawaid; Paridah Tahir; Nor Ibrahim. 2021. "Melt- vs. Non-Melt Blending of Complexly Processable Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 3: 404.
Incorporation of nanocellulose could improve wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for an artificial joint application. Yet, the extremely high melt viscosity of the polymer may constrict the mixing, leading to fillers agglomeration and poor mechanical properties. This study optimized the processing condition of UHMWPE/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) bionanocomposite fabrication in triple screw kneading extruder by using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of the process parameters—temperature (150–190 °C), rotational speed (30–60 rpm), and mixing time (30–45 min)—on mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites was investigated. Homogenous filler distribution, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, was obtained through the optimal processing condition of 150 °C, 60 rpm, and 45 min. The UHMWPE/CNF bionanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical properties in terms of Young’s and flexural modulus by 11% and 19%, respectively, as compared to neat UHMWPE. An insignificant effect was observed when maleic anhydride-grafted-polyethylene (MAPE) was added as compatibilizer. The obtained results proved that homogenous compounding of high melt viscosity UHMWPE with CNF was feasible by optimizing the melt blending processing condition in triple screw kneading extruder, which resulted in improved stiffness, a contributing factor for wear resistance.
Nur Sharmila Sharip; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshito Andou; Yuki Shirosaki; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Mohammad Jawaid; Paridah Md Tahir; Nor Azowa Ibrahim. Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2020, 25, 4498 .
AMA StyleNur Sharmila Sharip, Hidayah Ariffin, Yoshito Andou, Yuki Shirosaki, Ezyana Kamal Bahrin, Mohammad Jawaid, Paridah Md Tahir, Nor Azowa Ibrahim. Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2020; 25 (19):4498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Sharmila Sharip; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshito Andou; Yuki Shirosaki; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Mohammad Jawaid; Paridah Md Tahir; Nor Azowa Ibrahim. 2020. "Process Optimization of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Cellulose Nanofiber Bionanocomposites in Triple Screw Kneading Extruder by Response Surface Methodology." Molecules 25, no. 19: 4498.
Mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical breakdown of polypropylene/lignin/kenaf core fiber (PP/L/KCF) composite were studied. PP/L, PP/KCF and PP/L/KCF composites with different fiber and lignin loading was prepared using a compounding process. Pure PP was served as control. The results revealed that tensile and flexural properties of the PP/L/KCF was retained after addition of lignin and kenaf core fibers. Thermal stability of the PP composites improved compared to pure PP polymer. As for thermal conductivity, no significant difference was observed between PP composites and pure PP. However, PP/L/KCF composite has higher thermal diffusivity. All the PP composites produced are good insulating materials that are suitable for building. All PP composites passed withstand voltage test in air and oil state as stipulated in IEC 60641-3 except PP/L in oil state. SEM micrograph showed that better interaction and adhesion between polymer matrix, lignin and kenaf core fibers was observed and reflected on the better tensile strength recorded in PP/L/KCF composite. This study has successfully filled the gap of knowledge on using lignin and kenaf fibers as PP insulator composite materials. Therefore, it can be concluded that PP/Lignin/KCF has high potential as an insulating material.
Harmaen Ahmad Saffian; Mohd Aizam Talib; Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Ching Hao Lee; Hidayah Ariffin; Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite. Polymers 2020, 12, 1833 .
AMA StyleHarmaen Ahmad Saffian, Mohd Aizam Talib, Seng Hua Lee, Paridah Md Tahir, Ching Hao Lee, Hidayah Ariffin, Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite. Polymers. 2020; 12 (8):1833.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarmaen Ahmad Saffian; Mohd Aizam Talib; Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Ching Hao Lee; Hidayah Ariffin; Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. 2020. "Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite." Polymers 12, no. 8: 1833.
Cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to superheated steam (SHS) treatment at 150 °C for 1 and 2 h to produce cellulose with different degree of polymerization (DP). The treated OPEFB cellulose was subjected to a wet disc milling process to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), followed by nanocellulose film production using casting-evaporation technique. Reduction of DP by 23 and 40% were recorded after SHS treatment of OPEFB cellulose for 1 h (SHS1) and 2 h (SHS2), respectively, as compared to the untreated OPEFB cellulose. CNFs produced from treated cellulose (CNF-SHS1 and CNF-SHS2) exhibited smaller diameter and were less entangled compared to CNF from untreated cellulose (CNF-UT). These contributed to smoother CNF-SHS films. The highest light transmittance was recorded for CNF-SHS2 film, followed by CNF-SHS1 and CNF-UT films. The increment in transmittance value is in accordance with the reduction in cellulose DP. Lower DP also caused CNF-SHS films to have less wetting property as a result of smoother film surface. Mechanical properties were affected by DP values suggesting the possibility to control mechanical properties of CNF films in relation to DP. Overall, SHS is an efficient treatment method to reduce cellulose DP with the advantage of controlling CNF film properties towards the production of a versatile CNF film.
Liana Noor Megashah; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film. Cellulose 2020, 27, 7417 -7429.
AMA StyleLiana Noor Megashah, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshito Andou, Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film. Cellulose. 2020; 27 (13):7417-7429.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiana Noor Megashah; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. 2020. "Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film." Cellulose 27, no. 13: 7417-7429.
This research investigated the effect of synthesis temperature on the size and shape of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using pineapple peel waste and antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs in starch films. Zinc oxide NPs synthesized at different temperatures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Micrographs of ZnO NPs synthesized at 28 and 60 °C showed that synthesis temperature affected the sizes and shapes of ZnO NPs. The non-heated (28 °C) condition resulted in NPs with diameters in the range of 8–45 nm with a mixture of spherical and rod shapes, whereas the heated (60 °C) condition led to NPs with diameters in the range of 73–123 nm with flower rod shapes. The ZnO–starch nanocomposite films incorporated with 1, 3, and 5 wt.% ZnO NPs were prepared via a film casting method. The antibacterial activity of the films against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated using the disc diffusion method. The results showed an increase in the inhibition zone for Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, when the concentration of ZnO NPs incorporated in the film was increased from 1 to 5 wt.%.
Hasbullah Hassan Basri; Rosnita A. Talib; Rashidah Sukor; Siti Hajar Othman; Hidayah Ariffin. Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Size of ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Pineapple Peel Extract and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO–Starch Nanocomposite Films. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1061 .
AMA StyleHasbullah Hassan Basri, Rosnita A. Talib, Rashidah Sukor, Siti Hajar Othman, Hidayah Ariffin. Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Size of ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Pineapple Peel Extract and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO–Starch Nanocomposite Films. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10 (6):1061.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasbullah Hassan Basri; Rosnita A. Talib; Rashidah Sukor; Siti Hajar Othman; Hidayah Ariffin. 2020. "Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Size of ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Pineapple Peel Extract and Antibacterial Activity of ZnO–Starch Nanocomposite Films." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6: 1061.
In this study, the effect of superheated steam (SHS) treatment on the changes of the chemical composition and biological properties of two tropical hardwoods was investigated. SHS was carried out on light red meranti (Shorea spp.) and kedondong (Canarium spp.) wood with dimensions of 410 × 25 × 25 mm, using superheated steam as the heating medium. Wood samples were heat-treated at nine treatment levels, ranging from 172 to 228 °C and 95 to 265 min, respectively. The chemical constituents and resistance against white rot fungus (Pycnoporus sanguineus) and subterranean termite (Coptotermus curvignathus) of the treated wood were evaluated. A significant reduction in holocellulose content and increment in lignin was observed after SHS treatment. Consequently, the resistance against white rot fungus and termites improved. The biological durability improved with an increasing treatment temperature and time. A regression analysis revealed that the reduced equilibrium moisture content imparted superior biological resistance to the treated wood. Weight loss caused by the thermal degradation also served as a good indicator for fungal decay, as the loss of weight was directly proportional to the improvement in fungal resistance. However, this did not apply to termite resistance, as a very weak relationship was found between the two variables.
Rasdianah Dahali; Seng Hua Lee; Zaidon Ashaari; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Hidayah Ariffin; Pui San Khoo; Paiman Bawon; Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4431 .
AMA StyleRasdianah Dahali, Seng Hua Lee, Zaidon Ashaari, Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Hidayah Ariffin, Pui San Khoo, Paiman Bawon, Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasdianah Dahali; Seng Hua Lee; Zaidon Ashaari; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Hidayah Ariffin; Pui San Khoo; Paiman Bawon; Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. 2020. "Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4431.
Two different liquid assisted processing methods: internal melt-blending (IMB) and twin-screw extrusion (TWS) were performed to fabricate polyethylene (PE)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites consisted maleic anhydride-grafted PE (PEgMA) as a compatibilizer, with PE/PEgMA/CNF ratio of 97/3/0.5–5 (wt./wt./wt.), respectively. Morphological analysis exhibited that CNF was well-dispersed in nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted TWS. Meanwhile, a randomly oriented and agglomerated CNF was observed in the nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted IMB. The nanocomposites obtained from liquid-assisted TWS exhibited the best mechanical properties at 3 wt.% CNF addition with an increment in flexural strength by almost 139%, higher than that of liquid-assisted IMB. Results from this study indicated that liquid feeding of CNF assisted the homogenous dispersion of CNF in PE matrix, and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were affected by compounding method due to the CNF dispersion and alignment.
Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers 2020, 12, 927 .
AMA StyleTengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshito Andou, Takayuki Tsukegi, Haruo Nishida. Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers. 2020; 12 (4):927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. 2020. "Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion." Polymers 12, no. 4: 927.
Biomass carbonization technology is implemented to produce charcoal with high-calorific content. However, this technology releases pollutant gases, which adversely affect ambient environment and human health. This study proposed a catalytic gas treatment method using platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) for carbon monoxide emission reduction in oil palm empty fruit bunch carbonization. Carbonization released a rather high carbon monoxide concentration of 5558 ± 53 mg m−3 in the flue gas, exceeding the permissible limit of 1000 mg m−3. At 2.5 wt% of catalyst dosage, the carbon monoxide emission substantially was reduced to 595 ± 9 mg m−3, achieving 89.3% carbon monoxide removal efficiency. This was due to oxidation by the platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3), which was done at low temperature, thus transforming carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The catalyst demonstrated reusability, attaining >80% carbon monoxide removal efficiency for 5 consecutive carbonization cycles. The biochar produced contained a high energy content of 24.6 ± 0.7 MJ kg−1, which was suitable to be used as a coal substitute.
Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 258, 120580 .
AMA StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Hafif Samsudin, Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258 ():120580.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch." Journal of Cleaner Production 258, no. : 120580.
The aim was to isolate cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from commercialized oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose nanofibre (CNF) through sulphuric acid hydrolysis and explore its safeness as a potential nanocarrier. Successful extraction of CNC was confirmed through a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transmission infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry analysis. For subsequent cellular uptake study, the spherical CNC was covalently tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), resulting in negative charged FITC-CNC nanospheres with a dispersity (Ð) of 0.371. MTT assay revealed low degree cytotoxicity for both CNC and FITC-CNC against C6 rat glioma and NIH3T3 normal fibroblasts up to 50 µg/mL. FITC conjugation had no contribution to the particle’s toxicity. Through confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), synthesized FITC-CNC manifested negligible cellular accumulation, indicating a poor non-selective adsorptive endocytosis into studied cells. Overall, an untargeted CNC-based nanosphere with less cytotoxicity that posed poor selectivity against normal and cancerous cells was successfully synthesized. It can be considered safe and suitable to be developed into targeted nanocarrier.
Nur Aima Hafiza Shazali; Noorzaileen Eileena Zaidi; Hidayah Ariffin; Luqman Chuah Abdullah; Ferial Ghaemi; Jafri Malin Abdullah; Ichiro Takashima; Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd. Rahman. Characterization and Cellular Internalization of Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) into Normal and Cancerous Fibroblasts. Materials 2019, 12, 3251 .
AMA StyleNur Aima Hafiza Shazali, Noorzaileen Eileena Zaidi, Hidayah Ariffin, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Ferial Ghaemi, Jafri Malin Abdullah, Ichiro Takashima, Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd. Rahman. Characterization and Cellular Internalization of Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) into Normal and Cancerous Fibroblasts. Materials. 2019; 12 (19):3251.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNur Aima Hafiza Shazali; Noorzaileen Eileena Zaidi; Hidayah Ariffin; Luqman Chuah Abdullah; Ferial Ghaemi; Jafri Malin Abdullah; Ichiro Takashima; Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd. Rahman. 2019. "Characterization and Cellular Internalization of Spherical Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) into Normal and Cancerous Fibroblasts." Materials 12, no. 19: 3251.
The global waste generation keeps increasing over the years and it requires innovative solutions to minimize its impacts on environmental quality and public health. A strategic plan must be ascertained to overcome the future challenges of Municipal solid waste (MSW) locally and globally. Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) coined an initiative to demonstrate a showcase pilot plant for green energy production from MSW. The data was obtained from the survey and actual sampling within the UPM compound shows that UPM has generated 5.0–7.0 t/d of MSW generated consist of 30–35% organic fraction. Restaurants are the main source of the organic fraction. Upon separation, the organic fractions were digested into biogas. At a maximum conversion of the organic fraction, 715 kWh of electricity might be generated from the 2.2 t/d of organic waste generated in UPM. In this study, organic components from UPM were proposed to be subsequently used as a substrate via anaerobic digestion to produce green energy in the form of electricity or flammable fuels.
Ahmad Aiman Zulkifli; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Latifah Abd Manaf; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3909 .
AMA StyleAhmad Aiman Zulkifli, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Latifah Abd Manaf, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Hidayah Ariffin, Yoshihito Shirai, Mohd Ali Hassan. Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3909.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Aiman Zulkifli; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Latifah Abd Manaf; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2019. "Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Universiti Putra Malaysia and Its Potential for Green Energy Production." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3909.
The effectiveness of superheated steam (SHS) as an alternative, eco-friendly treatment method to modify the surface of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) for biocomposite applications was investigated. The aim of this treatment was to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the polymer. The treatment was carried out in an SHS oven for different temperatures (190⁻230 °C) and times (30⁻120 min). Biocomposites fabricated from SHS-treated PALFs and polylactic acid (PLA) at a weight ratio of 30:70 were prepared via melt-blending techniques. The mechanical properties, dimensional stability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the biocomposites were evaluated. Results showed that treatment at temperature of 220 °C for 60 min gave the optimum tensile properties compared to other treatment temperatures. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties as well as the dimensional stability of the biocomposites were enhanced by the presence of SHS-treated PALF. The SEM analysis showed improvement in the interfacial adhesion between PLA and SHS-treated PALF. XRD analysis showed an increase in the crystallinity with the addition of SHS-PALF. The results suggest that SHS can be used as an environmentally friendly treatment method for the modification of PALF in biocomposite production.
Ahmed Jaafar Hussein Challabi; Buong Woei Chieng; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Norhazlin Zainuddin. Effect of Superheated Steam Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of PALF/PLA Biocomposite. Polymers 2019, 11, 482 .
AMA StyleAhmed Jaafar Hussein Challabi, Buong Woei Chieng, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Hidayah Ariffin, Norhazlin Zainuddin. Effect of Superheated Steam Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of PALF/PLA Biocomposite. Polymers. 2019; 11 (3):482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Jaafar Hussein Challabi; Buong Woei Chieng; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Norhazlin Zainuddin. 2019. "Effect of Superheated Steam Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stability of PALF/PLA Biocomposite." Polymers 11, no. 3: 482.
Conventional cellulose-based nanocomposites production requires two separate unit operations for the processing: (i) cellulose nanofibrillation unit, and (ii) polymer nanocomposites compounding unit. This two-unit process could be less efficient in terms of energy usage and material handling compared to a one-unit process. Moreover, the present of downtime in between the two steps may affect the overall productivity of the product. In this study, a one-pot process was adapted for nanofibrillation of oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) cellulose and subsequently compounding of the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with polyethylene (PE) for composites making. Both of these steps were conducted in an extruder with specially-designed twin screw, to allow nanofibrillation and compounding to occur in the same unit. It was interesting to note that CNF produced had diameter range of 80–100 nm, with an aspect ratio of 260. These superior physical properties have led to the excellent mechanical properties of the PE/OPMF-CNF nanocomposites, whereby PE/OPMF-CNF (3 wt%) recorded an increment of 57 and 198% for tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively, compared to the neat PE. Homogeneous dispersion of CNF in the PE matrix was also observed, suggesting the suitability of the one-pot processing method for cellulose-based nanocomposites production. Overall performance of the nanocomposites was similar to that prepared in a two-pot process; with the one-pot process was almost doubled in the productivity compared to two-pot process. A two-step in one unit operation (2-in-1) would be an ideal process for nanocomposites making as this method may improve productivity, reduce downtime in between the two steps, could contribute to a lower capital and processing costs, and may have lower energy consumption. The one-pot process meets most of the green chemistry principles; suggesting the method as a sustainable and greener method for polymer nanocomposites production.
Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. Sustainable one-pot process for the production of cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene / cellulose nanofiber composites. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 207, 590 -599.
AMA StyleTengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ali Hassan, Takayuki Tsukegi, Haruo Nishida. Sustainable one-pot process for the production of cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene / cellulose nanofiber composites. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 207 ():590-599.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. 2018. "Sustainable one-pot process for the production of cellulose nanofiber and polyethylene / cellulose nanofiber composites." Journal of Cleaner Production 207, no. : 590-599.
In order to clarify the in vitro cytotoxicity effect of superheated steam (SHS) treated poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) for biomaterial applications, SHS-treated PHBHHx oligoester samples: P(HB-co-6%-HHx) and P(HB-co-11%-HHx) with low and high percentages of unsaturated chain ends were evaluated for their cytotoxicity effects toward the growth of mouse fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3. From the results obtained after 24 and 48 h of the growth test, the SHS-treated PHBHHx oligoesters were found to be nontoxic to the growth of mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cell line with cell viability percentages of more than 95%. In order to serve as a potential resorbable medical suture, PHBHHx oligoesters were blended with poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with a weight ratio of PHBHHx oligoester/PLLA = 20:80 (wt/wt) to improve mechanical properties of PHBHHx oligoesters. The PHBHHx oligoesters/PLLA blend films were evaluated for their thermal, mechanical, and surface wetting properties. Thermal properties of the blend films suggested a good compatibility between PHBHHx oligoesters and PLLA components. Mechanical properties of the blend films were determined to be close enough to a desirable strength range of medical sutures. Moreover, contact angle range of 65 < θ < 70° for the blend samples could provide desirable cell adhesion when used as biomaterials. Therefore, the blend of SHS-treated PHBHHx oligoesters and PLLA would be an ideal choice to be used as biomedical materials.
Dhurga Devi Rajaratanam; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Ali Hassan; Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman; Haruo Nishida. In vitro cytotoxicity of superheated steam hydrolyzed oligo((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and characteristics of its blend with poly(L-lactic acid) for biomaterial applications. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0199742 .
AMA StyleDhurga Devi Rajaratanam, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Ali Hassan, Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman, Haruo Nishida. In vitro cytotoxicity of superheated steam hydrolyzed oligo((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and characteristics of its blend with poly(L-lactic acid) for biomaterial applications. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (6):e0199742.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhurga Devi Rajaratanam; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Ali Hassan; Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman; Haruo Nishida. 2018. "In vitro cytotoxicity of superheated steam hydrolyzed oligo((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and characteristics of its blend with poly(L-lactic acid) for biomaterial applications." PLOS ONE 13, no. 6: e0199742.
The present work aimed to investigate the pretreatment of oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) in subcritical H2O-CO2 at a temperature range from 150–200 °C and 20–180 min with CO2 pressure from 3–5 MPa. The pretreated solids and liquids from this process were separated by filtration and characterized. Xylooligosaccharides (XOs), sugar monomers, acids, furans and phenols in the pretreated liquids were analyzed by using HPLC. XOs with a degree of polymerization X2–X4 comprising xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose were analyzed by using HPAEC-PAD. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on cellulose-rich pretreated solids to observe xylose and glucose production. An optimal condition for XOs production was achieved at 180 °C, 60 min, 3 MPa and the highest XOs obtained was 81.60 mg/g which corresponded to 36.59% of XOs yield from total xylan of OPMF. The highest xylose and glucose yields obtained from pretreated solids were 29.96% and 84.65%, respectively at cellulase loading of 10 FPU/g-substrate.
Norlailiza Ahmad; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Shinji Fujimoto; Hiroyuki Inoue; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihoto Shirai. Subcritical Water-Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber for Xylooligosaccharide and Glucose Production. Molecules 2018, 23, 1310 .
AMA StyleNorlailiza Ahmad, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Shinji Fujimoto, Hiroyuki Inoue, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshihoto Shirai. Subcritical Water-Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber for Xylooligosaccharide and Glucose Production. Molecules. 2018; 23 (6):1310.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorlailiza Ahmad; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Shinji Fujimoto; Hiroyuki Inoue; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshihoto Shirai. 2018. "Subcritical Water-Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber for Xylooligosaccharide and Glucose Production." Molecules 23, no. 6: 1310.
In this study, oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) was pretreated with (1) superheated steam (SHS) and (2) potassium hydroxide (KOH) to remove hemicellulose. Both SHS–OPMF and KOH–OPMF underwent delignification step to isolate the cellulose and dissolved in selected ionic liquid and its co-solvent before being electrospun to obtain microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). FE-SEM images showed that SHS–OPMF cellulose produced discontinuous MFC fiber with diameter ranging from 100 to 500 nm, of which 15.5% were in the range of 100–200 nm; while KOH–OPMF cellulose produced continuous MFC with sizes larger than 200 nm. The differences in fiber size and continuity of fiber produced were due to incomplete removal of hemicellulose from SHS–OPMF sample that inhibited fiber re-coalescence and resulted in interruption in fiber formation.
Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Ferial Ghaemi; Mohd Ali Hassan; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Janet Lim Hong Ngee; Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus. Superheated steam pretreatment of cellulose affects its electrospinnability for microfibrillated cellulose production. Cellulose 2018, 25, 3853 -3859.
AMA StyleMohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Hidayah Ariffin, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Ferial Ghaemi, Mohd Ali Hassan, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Janet Lim Hong Ngee, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus. Superheated steam pretreatment of cellulose affects its electrospinnability for microfibrillated cellulose production. Cellulose. 2018; 25 (7):3853-3859.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Ferial Ghaemi; Mohd Ali Hassan; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Janet Lim Hong Ngee; Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus. 2018. "Superheated steam pretreatment of cellulose affects its electrospinnability for microfibrillated cellulose production." Cellulose 25, no. 7: 3853-3859.