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M.A. Hassan
Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

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Review
Published: 12 July 2021 in Processes
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Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well as diminishing energy security. However, the presence of impurities in biodiesel will affect engine performance by corroding fuel tubes and damaging the injectors. Common methods for the purification of biodiesel include water washing, dry washing and membrane separation. This mini review compares the technological advancement for efficient enhancement of biodiesel and glycerol refining between wet washing, dry washing (activated compound, biomass-based adsorbents and silica-based adsorbents), ion exchange and membrane separation technology. The percentage of glycerol residues, soap, alcohol and catalyst from crude biodiesel was compared to reflect the resulting biodiesel purity variation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed.

ACS Style

Nurhani Jariah; Mohd Hassan; Yun Taufiq-Yap; Ahmad Roslan. Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review. Processes 2021, 9, 1198 .

AMA Style

Nurhani Jariah, Mohd Hassan, Yun Taufiq-Yap, Ahmad Roslan. Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review. Processes. 2021; 9 (7):1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurhani Jariah; Mohd Hassan; Yun Taufiq-Yap; Ahmad Roslan. 2021. "Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review." Processes 9, no. 7: 1198.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2021 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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The high fermentable sugars content in oil palm frond (OPF) juice makes it an excellent fermentation feedstock for bioethanol production. The major challenge of using the juice as a feedstock is the rapid degradation of the fermentable sugars during storage. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of OPF juice concentration and mild temperature storage on its glucose content. The OPF juice was obtained by pressing the fresh OPF petiole and it was concentrated by evaporating 30–70% (v/v) of water from the juice. The juice was stored at different temperatures (30–60 °C) for 20 days prior to its use for bioethanol production. The results showed that regardless of the OPF juice concentration, the glucose content remained stable at 50 °C and 60 °C storage. Moreover, bacterial spoilage in the OPF juice was slightly inhibited when stored at 50 °C and it completely disappeared when stored at 60 °C. The production of bioethanol using OPF juice stored at 50 °C gave approximately 15% higher bioethanol production when compared to the use of freshly prepared OPF juice. The results indicate that 50% concentrated OPF juice stored at 50 °C are promising alternative pre-treatment and storage conditions for OPF juice liquid feedstock prior to its use for bioethanol fermentation.

ACS Style

Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. Influence of storage conditions on oil palm frond juice as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production. Biomass and Bioenergy 2021, 150, 106101 .

AMA Style

Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah, Ezyana Kamal Bahrin, Yoshihito Shirai, Mohd Ali Hassan. Influence of storage conditions on oil palm frond juice as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021; 150 ():106101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sharifah Soplah Syed Abdullah; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Yoshihito Shirai; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2021. "Influence of storage conditions on oil palm frond juice as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production." Biomass and Bioenergy 150, no. : 106101.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Bioresource Technology
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The influence of biomass cellulosic content on biochar nanopore structure and adsorption capacity in aqueous phase was scarcely reported. Commercial cellulose (100% cellulose), oil palm frond (39.5% cellulose), and palm kernel shell (20.5% cellulose) were pyrolyzed AT 630 °C, characterized and tested for the adsorption of iodine and organic contaminants. The external surface area and average pore size increased with cellulosic content, where commercial cellulose formed biochar with external surface area of 95.4 m2/g and average pore size of 4.1 nm. The biochar from commercial cellulose had the largest adsorption capacities: 371.40 mg/g for iodine, 86.7 mg/L for tannic acid, 17.89 mg/g for COD and 60.35 mg/g for colour, while biochar from palm kernel shell had the least adsorption capacities. The cellulosic content reflected the differences in biochar nanopore structure and adsorption capacities, signifying the suitability of highly cellulosic biomass for producing biochar to effectively treat wastewater.

ACS Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. Effect of oil palm biomass cellulosic content on nanopore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar. Bioresource Technology 2021, 332, 125070 .

AMA Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal, Mohd Ali Hassan, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, Yoshihito Shirai. Effect of oil palm biomass cellulosic content on nanopore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar. Bioresource Technology. 2021; 332 ():125070.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. 2021. "Effect of oil palm biomass cellulosic content on nanopore structure and adsorption capacity of biochar." Bioresource Technology 332, no. : 125070.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2021 in Polymers
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Residual hemicellulose could enhance cellulose nanofiber (CNF) processing as it impedes the agglomeration of the nanocellulose fibrils and contributes to complete nanofibrillation within a shorter period of time. Its effect on CNF performance as a reinforcement material is unclear, and hence this study seeks to evaluate the performance of CNF in the presence of amorphous hemicellulose as a reinforcement material in a polypropylene (PP) nanocomposite. Two types of CNF were prepared: SHS-CNF, which contained about 11% hemicellulose, and KOH-CNF, with complete hemicellulose removal. Mechanical properties of the PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF showed an almost similar increment in tensile strength (31% and 32%) and flexural strength (28% and 29%) when 3 wt.% of CNF was incorporated in PP, indicating that hemicellulose in SHS-CNF did not affect the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposite. The crystallinity of both PP/SHS-CNF and PP/KOH-CNF nanocomposites showed an almost similar value at 55–56%. A slight decrement in thermal stability was seen, whereby the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss (T d10%) of PP/SHS-CNF was 6 °C lower at 381 °C compared to 387 °C for PP/KOH-CNF, which can be explained by the degradation of thermally unstable hemicellulose. The results from this study showed that the presence of some portion of hemicellulose in CNF did not affect the CNF properties, suggesting that complete hemicellulose removal may not be necessary for the preparation of CNF to be used as a reinforcement material in nanocomposites. This will lead to less harsh pretreatment for CNF preparation and, hence, a more sustainable nanocomposite can be produced.

ACS Style

Mohd Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hassan; Nor Ibrahim; Wan Yunus; Haruo Nishida. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers 2021, 13, 1064 .

AMA Style

Mohd Norrrahim, Hidayah Ariffin, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Hassan, Nor Ibrahim, Wan Yunus, Haruo Nishida. Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1064.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Norrrahim; Hidayah Ariffin; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hassan; Nor Ibrahim; Wan Yunus; Haruo Nishida. 2021. "Performance Evaluation of Cellulose Nanofiber with Residual Hemicellulose as a Nanofiller in Polypropylene-Based Nanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1064.

Research article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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This study provides insight into the decolorization strategy for crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production using waste cooking oil as raw material. A sequential procedure that includes physico-chemical treatment and adsorption using activated carbon from oil palm biomass was investigated. The results evidenced decolorization and enrichment of glycerol go hand in hand during the treatment, achieving >89% color removal and > 98% increase in glycerol content, turning the glycerol into a clear (colorless) solution. This is attributed to the complete removal of methanol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, as well as 85% removal of water, and 93% removal of potassium. Properties of the resultant glycerol met the quality standard of BS 2621:1979. The economic aspects of the proposed methods are examined to fully construct a predesign budgetary estimation according to chemical engineering principles. The starting capital is proportionate to the number of physical assets to acquire where both entail a considerable cost at USD 13,200. Having the benefit of sizeable scale production, it reasonably reduces the operating cost per unit product. As productivity sets at 33 m3 per annum, the annual operating costs amount to USD 79,902 in glycerol decolorization. This is translatable to USD 5.38 per liter glycerol, which is ~69% lower compared to using commercial activated carbon.

ACS Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 27976 -27987.

AMA Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Shirai Yoshihito. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (22):27976-27987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Shirai Yoshihito. 2021. "Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 22: 27976-27987.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Polymers
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Polylactic acid (PLA), a potential alternative material for single use plastics, generally portrays a slow crystallization rate during melt-processing. The use of a nanomaterial such as cellulose nanofibers (CNF) may affect the crystallization rate by acting as a nucleating agent. CNF at a certain wt.% has been evidenced as a good reinforcement material for PLA; nevertheless, there is a lack of information on the correlation between the amount of CNF in PLA that promotes its functionality as reinforcement material, and its effect on PLA nucleation for improving the crystallization rate. This work investigated the nucleation effect of PLA incorporated with CNF at different fiber loading (1–6 wt.%) through an isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties of the PLA/CNF nanocomposites were also investigated. PLA/CNF3 exhibited the highest crystallization onset temperature and enthalpy among all the PLA/CNF nanocomposites. PLA/CNF3 also had the highest crystallinity of 44.2% with an almost 95% increment compared to neat PLA. The highest crystallization rate of 0.716 min–1 was achieved when PLA/CNF3 was isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. The crystallization rate was 65-fold higher as compared to the neat PLA (0.011 min–1). At CNF content higher than 3 wt.%, the crystallization rate decreased, suggesting the occurrence of agglomeration at higher CNF loading as evidenced by the FESEM micrographs. In contrast to the tensile properties, the highest tensile strength and Young’s modulus were recorded by PLA/CNF4 at 76.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa, respectively. These values were, however, not much different compared to PLA/CNF3 (74.1 MPa and 3.3 GPa), suggesting that CNF at 3 wt.% can be used to improve both the crystallization rate and the mechanical properties. Results obtained from this study revealed the dual function of CNF in PLA nanocomposite, namely as nucleating agent and reinforcement material. Being an organic and biodegradable material, CNF has an increased advantage for use in PLA as compared to non-biodegradable material and is foreseen to enhance the potential use of PLA in single use plastics applications.

ACS Style

Siti Shazleen; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Nor Ibrahim; Mohd Hassan; Hidayah Ariffin. Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite. Polymers 2021, 13, 389 .

AMA Style

Siti Shazleen, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Nor Ibrahim, Mohd Hassan, Hidayah Ariffin. Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Shazleen; Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Nor Ibrahim; Mohd Hassan; Hidayah Ariffin. 2021. "Functionality of Cellulose Nanofiber as Bio-Based Nucleating Agent and Nano-Reinforcement Material to Enhance Crystallization and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite." Polymers 13, no. 3: 389.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Processes
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The use of biochar as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment purposes has been hindered due to its lower surface area compared to activated carbon. Current research on increasing surface functional groups on biochar surfaces to improve its adsorption performance suggests using high chemical concentration and long period of modification. This study solves these problems by focusing on improving surface functionalities of biochar via the hydrothermal functionalization process. Oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar was functionalized using autoclave with nitric acid as the functionalization agent. Functionalized biochar properties such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and surface functional groups were analyzed and compared with untreated biochar. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis shows a significant increase in absorption by oxygen functional groups and is corroborated with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The process does not result in any major change in surface morphology and reduction in surface area value. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption test shows 7 times increase in adsorption performance. These results show that the simple hydrothermal functionalization process successfully functionalizes the biochar surface and improves its performance without affecting its surface area at lower concentration, and shorter time compared to previous studies. This result, with future large-scale experimentation using real-life equipment in palm oil mills, would provide a better technology that can be implemented in the industry.

ACS Style

Izzudin Ibrahim; Toshiki Tsubota; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou. Surface Functionalization of Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch through Hydrothermal Process. Processes 2021, 9, 149 .

AMA Style

Izzudin Ibrahim, Toshiki Tsubota, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshito Andou. Surface Functionalization of Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch through Hydrothermal Process. Processes. 2021; 9 (1):149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Izzudin Ibrahim; Toshiki Tsubota; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou. 2021. "Surface Functionalization of Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch through Hydrothermal Process." Processes 9, no. 1: 149.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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In order to meet the growing demand for adsorbents to treat wastewater effectively, there has been increased interest in using sustainable biomass feedstocks. In this present study, the dermal tissue of oil palm frond was pyrolyzed with superheated steam at 500 °C to produce nanoporous biochar as bioadsorbent. The effect of operating conditions was investigated to understand the adsorption mechanism and to enhance the adsorption of phenol and tannic acid. The biochar had a microporous structure with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 422 m2/g containing low polar groups. The adsorption capacity of 62.89 mg/g for phenol and 67.41 mg/g for tannic acid were obtained using 3 g/L biochar dosage after 8 h of treatment at solution pH of 6.5 and temperature of 45 °C. The Freundlich model had the best fit to the isotherm data of phenol (R2 of 0.9863), while the Langmuir model best elucidated the isotherm data of tannic acid (R2 of 0.9632). These indicated that the biochar-phenol interface was associated with a heterogeneous multilayer sorption mechanism, while the biochar-tannic acid interface had a nonspecific monolayer sorption mechanism. The residual concentration of 26.3 mg/L phenol and 23.1 mg/L tannic acid was achieved when treated from 260 mg/L three times consecutively with 1 g/L biochar dosage, compared to a reduction to 72.3 mg/L phenol and 69.9 mg/L tannic acid using 3 g/L biochar dosage in a single treatment. The biochar exhibited effective adsorption of phenol and tannic acid, making it possible to treat effluents that contain varieties of phenolic compounds.

ACS Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis. Environmental Pollution 2020, 269, 116197 .

AMA Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal, Mohd Ali Hassan, Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Hafif Samsudin, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, Yoshihito Shirai. Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 269 ():116197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis." Environmental Pollution 269, no. : 116197.

Review
Published: 04 December 2020 in Water
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The aquatic ecosystem is continuously threatened by the infiltration and discharge of anthropogenic wastewaters. This issue requires the unending improvement of monitoring systems to become more comprehensive and specific to targeted pollutants. This review intended to elucidate the overall aspects explored by researchers in developing better water pollution monitoring tools in recent years. The discussion is encircled around three main elements that have been extensively used as the basis for the development of monitoring methods, namely the dissolved compounds, bacterial indicator, and nucleic acids. The latest technologies applied in wastewater and surface water mapped from these key players were reviewed and categorized into physicochemical and compound characterizations, biomonitoring, and molecular approaches in taxonomical and functional analyses. Overall, researchers are continuously rallying to enhance the detection of causal source for water pollution through either conventional or mostly advanced approaches focusing on spectrometry, high-throughput sequencing, and flow cytometry technology among others. From this review’s perspective, each pollution evaluation technology has its own advantages and it would be beneficial for several aspects of pollutants assessments to be combined and established as a complementary package for better aquatic environmental management in the long run.

ACS Style

Nurhasliza Zolkefli; Siti Suhailah Sharuddin; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Ali Hassan; Toshinari Maeda; Norhayati Ramli. A Review of Current and Emerging Approaches for Water Pollution Monitoring. Water 2020, 12, 3417 .

AMA Style

Nurhasliza Zolkefli, Siti Suhailah Sharuddin, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Ali Hassan, Toshinari Maeda, Norhayati Ramli. A Review of Current and Emerging Approaches for Water Pollution Monitoring. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurhasliza Zolkefli; Siti Suhailah Sharuddin; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Ali Hassan; Toshinari Maeda; Norhayati Ramli. 2020. "A Review of Current and Emerging Approaches for Water Pollution Monitoring." Water 12, no. 12: 3417.

Review
Published: 06 July 2020 in Processes
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Fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation have prompted the search for alternatives from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is the most efficient alternative to fossil fuel substitution because it can be properly modified for current diesel engines. It is a vegetable oil-based fuel with similar properties to petroleum diesel. Generally, biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly efficient alternative for fossil fuel substitution. In Malaysia, oil palm is considered as the most valuable commodity crop and gives a high economic return to the country. However, the ethical challenge of food or fuel makes palm oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible feedstock like Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.). It is an inedible oil-bearing crop that can be processed into biodiesel. It has a high-seed yield that could be continually produced for up to 50 years. Furthermore, its utilization will have zero impact on food sources since the oil is poisonous for human and animal consumption. However, Jatropha biodiesel is still in its preliminary phase compared to palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia due to a lack of research and development. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the potential of Jatropha curcas as an eco-friendly biodiesel feedstock to promote socio-economic development and meet significantly growing energy demands even though the challenges for its implementation as a national biodiesel program might be longer.

ACS Style

Nurul Husna Che Hamzah; Nozieana Khairuddin; Bazlul Mobin Siddique; Mohd Ali Hassan. Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review. Processes 2020, 8, 786 .

AMA Style

Nurul Husna Che Hamzah, Nozieana Khairuddin, Bazlul Mobin Siddique, Mohd Ali Hassan. Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review. Processes. 2020; 8 (7):786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurul Husna Che Hamzah; Nozieana Khairuddin; Bazlul Mobin Siddique; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2020. "Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review." Processes 8, no. 7: 786.

Original research
Published: 29 June 2020 in Cellulose
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Cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to superheated steam (SHS) treatment at 150 °C for 1 and 2 h to produce cellulose with different degree of polymerization (DP). The treated OPEFB cellulose was subjected to a wet disc milling process to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), followed by nanocellulose film production using casting-evaporation technique. Reduction of DP by 23 and 40% were recorded after SHS treatment of OPEFB cellulose for 1 h (SHS1) and 2 h (SHS2), respectively, as compared to the untreated OPEFB cellulose. CNFs produced from treated cellulose (CNF-SHS1 and CNF-SHS2) exhibited smaller diameter and were less entangled compared to CNF from untreated cellulose (CNF-UT). These contributed to smoother CNF-SHS films. The highest light transmittance was recorded for CNF-SHS2 film, followed by CNF-SHS1 and CNF-UT films. The increment in transmittance value is in accordance with the reduction in cellulose DP. Lower DP also caused CNF-SHS films to have less wetting property as a result of smoother film surface. Mechanical properties were affected by DP values suggesting the possibility to control mechanical properties of CNF films in relation to DP. Overall, SHS is an efficient treatment method to reduce cellulose DP with the advantage of controlling CNF film properties towards the production of a versatile CNF film.

ACS Style

Liana Noor Megashah; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film. Cellulose 2020, 27, 7417 -7429.

AMA Style

Liana Noor Megashah, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshito Andou, Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film. Cellulose. 2020; 27 (13):7417-7429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liana Noor Megashah; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil. 2020. "Modification of cellulose degree of polymerization by superheated steam treatment for versatile properties of cellulose nanofibril film." Cellulose 27, no. 13: 7417-7429.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2020 in Arabian Journal of Chemistry
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This study evaluates the adsorption of diazinon from aqueous solutions onto coconut shell-modified biochar using a batch system. The amount of dosage and initial pH are the main parameters being studied to obtain maximum adsorption capacity of the probe molecules. The carbonized coconut shell biochar (BC1), activated coconut shell biochar (BC2), chemically modified phosphoric acid (BC3) and sodium hydroxide coconut shell biochar (BC4) were prepared and tested as variables in the adsorption experiment. The characteristic of biochar via SEM, EDX and BET analysis revealed the large porous of surface morphology and slight changes in the composition with high surface area (405.97 – 508.07 m2/g) by following the sequence of BC3 > BC2 > BC4. Diazinon removal percentage as high as 98.96% was achieved at pH 7 with BC3 as adsorbent dosing at 5.0 g/L. The high coefficient of determination, R2 with a small value of ERRSQ and χ2 error analysis present the BC1 (0.9971) and BC2 (0.9999) are best fitted with Freundlich isotherm indicates multilayer sorption onto heterogeneous surface whereby the Langmuir isotherm model is the best fitting is described of monolayer adsorption process onto the homogenous surface of BC3 and BC4. The results indicated the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was achieved by BC3 with 10.33 mg/g, followed by BC2 (9.65 mg/g) in accordance to the Langmuir isotherm while Freundlich isotherm showed the highest adsorption capacity (kF) with 1.73 mg/g (L/mg)1/n followed by BC4 with 0.63mg/g (L/mg)1/n at favorable adsorption isotherm (1 ≤ n ≤ 10). Thus, the results obtained depicted that BC2 and BC3 are highly efficient adsorbents and both exhibit great potential in removing diazinon from aqueous solutions.

ACS Style

Nor Atikah Baharum; Hanisah Mohmad Nasir; Mohd Yusoff Ishak; Noorain Mohd Isa; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Zaharin Aris. Highly efficient removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous solutions by using coconut shell-modified biochar. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2020, 13, 6106 -6121.

AMA Style

Nor Atikah Baharum, Hanisah Mohmad Nasir, Mohd Yusoff Ishak, Noorain Mohd Isa, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Zaharin Aris. Highly efficient removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous solutions by using coconut shell-modified biochar. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2020; 13 (7):6106-6121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor Atikah Baharum; Hanisah Mohmad Nasir; Mohd Yusoff Ishak; Noorain Mohd Isa; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Zaharin Aris. 2020. "Highly efficient removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous solutions by using coconut shell-modified biochar." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 7: 6106-6121.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Advances in biochar production and modification have extended the applications of biochar to wastewater treatment. However, not all feedstocks produced porous biochar at a moderate temperature suitable for wastewater treatment. In this study, biochar was produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis at 500 °C and pulverized to granular and micro-fine particles. Both biochar particles were characterized and applied as adsorbents for treating final discharge of palm oil mill effluent. The effluent was also filtered and treated to examine the effect of suspended solids on adsorption capacity. The biochar had Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 406.6 m2 g−1. Pulverization eliminated the residual macropores in granular biochar, created new external surface area, and exposed constricted nanopores, which resulted in increasing the surface area to 457.7 m2 g−1. The adsorption capacity decreased from 24.6 to 6.1 mg g−1 for chemical oxygen demand and 49.0 to 10.9 Pt–Co g−1 for color by increasing the dosage of micro-fine biochar from 5 to 30 g L−1. The total suspended solids affected the adsorption capacity of granular biochar by blocking residual macropores that provide access to adsorption sites in micropores and mesopores. At 30 g L−1, the micro-fine biochar exhibited an effective reduction of chemical oxygen demand from 224 to 41.6 mg g−1 and color from 344 to 15 Pt–Co g−1 making the wastewater suitable for reuse in palm oil mills and safe for discharge into the aquatic environment.

ACS Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. Production of biochar from oil palm frond by steam pyrolysis for removal of residual contaminants in palm oil mill effluent final discharge. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 265, 121643 .

AMA Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal, Mohd Ali Hassan, Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, Yoshihito Shirai. Production of biochar from oil palm frond by steam pyrolysis for removal of residual contaminants in palm oil mill effluent final discharge. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 265 ():121643.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Production of biochar from oil palm frond by steam pyrolysis for removal of residual contaminants in palm oil mill effluent final discharge." Journal of Cleaner Production 265, no. : 121643.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Phytoremediation is one of the environmental-friendly and cost-effective systems for the treatment of wastewater, including industrial wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD). However, the effects of the wastewater on the phytoremediator plants, in term of growth performance, lignocellulosic composition, and the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants are not yet well studied. In the present work, we demonstrated that POME FD increased the growth of P. purpureum. The height increment of P. purpureum supplied with POME FD (treatment) was 61.72% as compared to those supplied with rain water (control) which was 14.42%. For lignocellulosic composition, the cellulose percentages were 38.77 ± 0.29% (treatment) and 34.16 ± 1.01% (control), and the difference was significant. These results indicated that POME FD could be a source of plant nutrients, which P. purpureum can absorb for growth. It was also found that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) inside the plant were below the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since POME FD was shown to have no adverse effects on P. purpureum, further research regarding the potential application of P. purpureum following phytoremediation of POME FD such as biofuel production is warranted to evaluate its potential use to fit into the waste-to-wealth agenda.

ACS Style

Nurul Atiqah Osman; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan. The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Nurul Atiqah Osman, Farhana Aziz Ujang, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim, Mohd Ali Hassan. The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurul Atiqah Osman; Farhana Aziz Ujang; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2020. "The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2020 in Polymers
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Two different liquid assisted processing methods: internal melt-blending (IMB) and twin-screw extrusion (TWS) were performed to fabricate polyethylene (PE)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) nanocomposites. The nanocomposites consisted maleic anhydride-grafted PE (PEgMA) as a compatibilizer, with PE/PEgMA/CNF ratio of 97/3/0.5–5 (wt./wt./wt.), respectively. Morphological analysis exhibited that CNF was well-dispersed in nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted TWS. Meanwhile, a randomly oriented and agglomerated CNF was observed in the nanocomposites prepared by liquid-assisted IMB. The nanocomposites obtained from liquid-assisted TWS exhibited the best mechanical properties at 3 wt.% CNF addition with an increment in flexural strength by almost 139%, higher than that of liquid-assisted IMB. Results from this study indicated that liquid feeding of CNF assisted the homogenous dispersion of CNF in PE matrix, and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were affected by compounding method due to the CNF dispersion and alignment.

ACS Style

Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers 2020, 12, 927 .

AMA Style

Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Hidayah Ariffin, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshito Andou, Takayuki Tsukegi, Haruo Nishida. Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion. Polymers. 2020; 12 (4):927.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Hidayah Ariffin; Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim; Mohd Ali Hassan; Yoshito Andou; Takayuki Tsukegi; Haruo Nishida. 2020. "Well-Dispersed Cellulose Nanofiber in Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposite by Liquid-Assisted Extrusion." Polymers 12, no. 4: 927.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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To promote the growth of the biodiesel industry, many countries have started allocating initial inducements to start-up companies to set up the infrastructure for its production facilities. Thus, comprehensive economic assessments are vital to keeping businesses on the right track in the long run. In this present study, net energy ratio (NER) and macroeconomic assessment are investigated using actual data obtained from biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) by using a semi-industrial plant. The fuel quality produced has complied with the European Biodiesel Standard (EN 14214) and the net energy ratio (NER) calculated was positive, which, in other words, epitomized a competent-designed production practice. Concerning mass balance, 74.3% of biodiesel, 24.0% of by-product glycerol and 8.9% soap were measured. By applying these as baseline values for scale-up production of 3.68 kt per annum, projected values of total production costs, selling price of B10 fuel, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were USD 1.78 million, USD 0.47/kg, USD 1.43 million and 60%, respectively. In summary, these projected values are suggestively lucrative, offering strong business growth for 10 years and capable of withstanding the variations of plant capacity and raw material price.

ACS Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2020, 39, 100700 .

AMA Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Ali Hassan, Muhamad Yusuf Hasan, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Yoshihito Shirai. Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2020; 39 ():100700.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Ali Hassan; Muhamad Yusuf Hasan; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Net energy and techno-economic assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a semi-industrial plant: A Malaysia perspective." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 39, no. : 100700.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Waste Management
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Biochar has proven to be a feasible additive for mitigating nitrogen loss during the composting process. This study aims to evaluate the influence of biochar addition on bacterial community and physicochemical properties changes, including ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) contents during the composting of poultry manure. The composting was carried out by adding 20% (w/w) of biochar into the mixture of poultry manure and rice straw with a ratio of 2:1, and the same treatment without biochar was prepared as a control. The finished product of control compost recorded the high contents of NO2− and NO3− (366 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) with reduced the total NH4+ content to 10 mg/kg. Meanwhile, biochar compost recorded a higher amount of total NH4+ content (110 mg/kg) with low NO2− and NO3− (161 mg/kg and 137 mg/kg) content in the final composting material. The principal component analysis showed that the dynamics of dominant genera related to Halomonas, Pusillimonas, and Pseudofulvimonas, all of which were known as nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, was significantly correlated with the dynamic of NO2− and NO3− content throughout the composting process. The genera related to Pusillimonas, and Pseudofulvimonas appeared as the dominant communities as the NO2− and NO3− increased. In contrast, as the NO2− and NO3− concentration decreased, the Halomonas genus were notably enriched in biochar compost. This study revealed the bacterial community shifts corresponded with the change of physicochemical properties, which provides essential information for a better understanding of monitoring and improving the composting process.

ACS Style

Mohd Huzairi Zainudin; Nurul Asyifah Mustapha; Toshinari Maeda; Norhayati Ramli; Kenji Sakai; Mohd Ali Hassan. Biochar enhanced the nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities during the composting of poultry manure and rice straw. Waste Management 2020, 106, 240 -249.

AMA Style

Mohd Huzairi Zainudin, Nurul Asyifah Mustapha, Toshinari Maeda, Norhayati Ramli, Kenji Sakai, Mohd Ali Hassan. Biochar enhanced the nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities during the composting of poultry manure and rice straw. Waste Management. 2020; 106 ():240-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Huzairi Zainudin; Nurul Asyifah Mustapha; Toshinari Maeda; Norhayati Ramli; Kenji Sakai; Mohd Ali Hassan. 2020. "Biochar enhanced the nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities during the composting of poultry manure and rice straw." Waste Management 106, no. : 240-249.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2020 in Environmental Technology & Innovation
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Conventional aerobic treatment of facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) containing phenolic compounds such as phenol, encounters difficulty because of microbial inhibition. In this study, adsorption of phenol in facultatively treated POME was proposed as a solution for mitigating the inhibition. Low-cost biochars produced from oil palm frond using nitrogen or steam pyrolysis at 600 °C were characterized and investigated for efficient and effective removal of phenol. Nitrogen and steam pyrolysis yielded mesoporous biochars with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 368.4 m2/g and 461.3 m2/g respectively. Within 8 h, steam-derived biochar attained equilibrium capacity of 59.6 mg/L in distilled water, which decreased to 18.5 mg/L in facultatively treated POME. Steam-derived biochar exhibited slightly higher adsorption capacity for phenol in facultatively treated POME due to higher surface area, wider nanopore size distribution, a larger volume of mesopores and a stronger affinity for phenol. More than 90% of phenol was removed using 16–20 g/L dosage, yielding a facultatively treated POME with 0% inhibition to aerobic microbial growth. Overall, low-cost biochar produced from oil palm frond can be used as an efficient and effective adsorbent for adsorbing phenol in facultatively treated POME to enhance the performance of aerobic treatment system.

ACS Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. One-step steam pyrolysis for the production of mesoporous biochar from oil palm frond to effectively remove phenol in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2020, 18, 100730 .

AMA Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal, Mohd Ali Hassan, Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Rafein Zakaria, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar, Yoshihito Shirai. One-step steam pyrolysis for the production of mesoporous biochar from oil palm frond to effectively remove phenol in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2020; 18 ():100730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal; Mohd Ali Hassan; Mohamed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar; Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff; Mohd Rafein Zakaria; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "One-step steam pyrolysis for the production of mesoporous biochar from oil palm frond to effectively remove phenol in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent." Environmental Technology & Innovation 18, no. : 100730.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Biomass carbonization technology is implemented to produce charcoal with high-calorific content. However, this technology releases pollutant gases, which adversely affect ambient environment and human health. This study proposed a catalytic gas treatment method using platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) for carbon monoxide emission reduction in oil palm empty fruit bunch carbonization. Carbonization released a rather high carbon monoxide concentration of 5558 ± 53 mg m−3 in the flue gas, exceeding the permissible limit of 1000 mg m−3. At 2.5 wt% of catalyst dosage, the carbon monoxide emission substantially was reduced to 595 ± 9 mg m−3, achieving 89.3% carbon monoxide removal efficiency. This was due to oxidation by the platinum-supported alumina catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3), which was done at low temperature, thus transforming carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The catalyst demonstrated reusability, attaining >80% carbon monoxide removal efficiency for 5 consecutive carbonization cycles. The biochar produced contained a high energy content of 24.6 ± 0.7 MJ kg−1, which was suitable to be used as a coal substitute.

ACS Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 258, 120580 .

AMA Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan, Mohd Hafif Samsudin, Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad, Mohd Ridzuan Othman, Yoshihito Shirai. Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258 ():120580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan; Mohd Hafif Samsudin; Zarry Jay Jay Mohamad; Mohd Ridzuan Othman; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Carbon monoxide reduction in the flue gas during biochar production from oil palm empty fruit bunch." Journal of Cleaner Production 258, no. : 120580.

Author correction
Published: 27 January 2020 in Scientific Reports
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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

ACS Style

Mohd Huzairi Mohd Zainudin; Nurul Asyifah Mustapha; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Mitsunori Tokura; Hisashi Yasueda; Yoshihito Shirai. Author Correction: A highly thermostable crude endoglucanase produced by a newly isolated Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Mohd Huzairi Mohd Zainudin, Nurul Asyifah Mustapha, Mohd Ali Hassan, Ezyana Kamal Bahrin, Mitsunori Tokura, Hisashi Yasueda, Yoshihito Shirai. Author Correction: A highly thermostable crude endoglucanase produced by a newly isolated Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Huzairi Mohd Zainudin; Nurul Asyifah Mustapha; Mohd Ali Hassan; Ezyana Kamal Bahrin; Mitsunori Tokura; Hisashi Yasueda; Yoshihito Shirai. 2020. "Author Correction: A highly thermostable crude endoglucanase produced by a newly isolated Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-1.