Global agreements mandate the international community, including Indonesia, to commit to reducing the risks and impacts of climate change. Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) will contribute to the achievement of the Convention’s goals by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing climate resilience. This commitment must be supported by a wide range of actions, including the use of timber. Despite the fact that wood contains carbon, limited information is currently available on the size of the wood utilisation subsector’s contribution to reducing GHG emissions. More research is needed on the magnitude of wood products’ contribution to climate change mitigation. This study assessed the amount of carbon stored in wood used as a building material. Purposive sampling was used to select the cities with rapid housing development surrounding Jakarta’s capital city, i.e., the Bekasi District, East Jakarta City, Depok City, and Bogor District. The amount of carbon stored in wood was calculated according to EN 16449:2014-06 and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) analysis. Results show that wood is currently only used in door frames, door leaves, window frames, shutters, and vents. The carbon stored on the components ranges from 450 to 680 kg (average of 554.50 kg) in each housing unit, according to the EN 16449:2014-06 calculation. The weight range is between 130 and 430 kg (average of 400.42 kg) according to EDX/S carbon analysis. With an increase in housing needs of 800,000 units per year, this amount has the potential to store 0.44 million tons of carbon over the lifespan of the products.

This study aims to develop a formulation for bio-resins derived from Sengon bark for application in plywood products. The research results demonstrated that bio-resin formulas for plywood applications include Bark Extract (E): Tapioca (T): Resorcinol (R): Formaldehyde (F) = (1.00 : 0.025 : 0.50 : 0.1) % and E : T : R : F : Resin (PF) = (1.00 : 0.025 : 0.025 : 0.1 : 0.025) %. Laboratory trials show that both adhesive formulations technically have potential for plywood production applications. Bio-resin adhesives exhibit high moisture resistance. Sengon bark extract, tapioca starch, resorcinol, and formaldehyde can be formulated into bio-resins with alkaline catalysts or PF fortifiers, maintaining a final pH of 10–11. The resulting adhesives show potential for plywood production, exhibiting high moisture resistance.

Insulation materials are important in the construction field. They are produced from organic and inorganic sources, while they are non-renewable and not very friendly towards the environment. Given the environmental pollution concerns related to the construction sector, researchers are trying to use alternative materials for insulation purposes to save energy and reduce the environmental pollution. The present research investigates the performance of particleboard made of corn husk bonded with Water-Soluble Chitosan (WSC) as an insulation material. The most important insulation characteristics of the corn husk particleboard were examined for 3 different densities (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/cm3). The results showed that WSC is a suitable natural adhesive for particleboards, which are meant to be used as insulation materials, while their performance is determined by the targeted density.

The limited availability of high-quality timber and the increasing demand for wood-based panels have encouraged the exploration of alternative and sustainable lignocellulosic resources. Rattan waste is abundant in Indonesia; however, its low mechanical strength and limited durability restrict its direct application in composite materials. This study investigated the effect of furfuryl alcohol (FA) modification and different adhesive systems on the performance of rattan-based particleboard. Rattan particles were immersed in FA for 24 h and used to produce particleboards (300 × 300 × 10 mm) bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF), melamine formaldehyde (MF), and urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesives at a resin content of 12%. The boards were manufactured under controlled hot pressing conditions and conditioned for 14 days prior to testing. Furfurylation significantly improved dimensional stability by reducing moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, and leaching, with anti-swelling efficiency values ranging from 43.25% to 71.06%. Some selected mechanical properties, including internal bonding strength, hardness, and screw holding power, were also enhanced. However, the modification showed limited influence on the modulus of elasticity and, in some cases, reduced the modulus of rupture. Among the adhesive systems, MF-bonded boards exhibited the most balanced mechanical performance. Furfurylation also produced darker and more uniform board surfaces. These findings indicate that furfurylated rattan particleboards are suitable for non-structural and decorative applications.