The Crabtree and Warburg effects both involve elevated glycolytic flux and fermentation under aerobic conditions, yet their regulatory bases differ fundamentally. In the Crabtree effect, high-glucose concentrations suppress mitochondrial respiration, redirecting carbon flux toward fermentation. In contrast, the Warburg effect, characteristic of many cancer cells, features increased mitochondrial respiration to support biosynthetic and anaplerotic demands. We recently advanced an extended metabolic definition of the Warburg effect that incorporates enhanced amino acid catabolism and elevated lipid biosynthesis, reflecting broad mitochondrial engagement beyond oxidative phosphorylation. Revisiting the metabolic behavior of the snf1∆ strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks the Crabtree effect, reveals a phenotype analogous to this expanded Warburg effect framework. Under glucose-rich conditions that typically elicit the Crabtree effect, snf1∆ cells preserve high mitochondrial respiration while maintaining robust glycolysis and fermentation. These cells also display enhanced amino acid degradation that feeds the Krebs cycle and increased lipid synthesis, recapitulating hallmark features of the Warburg state. Notably, mutation of the AMPK gene, the human ortholog of SNF1, similarly drives Warburg-like reprogramming in mammalian models. Together, these data establish snf1∆ as a valuable eukaryotic model for dissecting the regulatory determinants of the Warburg effect.

This study provides evidence of the fungistatic capacity of an active edible film containing quercetin and orange essential oil (OEO), demonstrating favorable mechanical properties and stability for postharvest applications. Phytopathogenic fungi are a major cause of postharvest losses and waste. Certain bioactive compounds, such as quercetin (a key component of the natural chemical defense system of plants) and OEO, are known for their fungicidal properties. OEO contains a high concentration of terpene molecules that share chemical similarities with quercetin, potentially enhancing its bioavailability and toxicity. Active edible films offer a promising means of delivering bioactive compounds to help reduce the spread of fungal infections in food. Therefore, this study sought to develop an active edible film incorporating quercetin and OEO to inhibit the spore germination and growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . Three edible films were formulated: PQN1 (0.075 mg/mL quercetin, 20 mg/mL OEO), PQN2 (0.030 mg/mL quercetin, 5 mg/mL OEO), and a control (PC) without active compounds. PQN1 exhibited the highest fungistatic activity, inhibiting C. gloeosporioides growth by 32.3 ± 0.8%. PQN1 also showed greater stability than PC, as indicated by zeta potential values (−63.3 ± 6.2 mV vs. −5.224 ± 5.4 mV, respectively). The elongation percentage and water vapor permeability (WVP) increased in films containing the active compounds, while tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and solubility decreased in the presence of OEO. No significant difference in thickness was observed. Overall, the PQN1 edible film shows potential for preventing C. gloeosporioides contamination in fruits and vegetables.

Cancer, one of the world's leading causes of death, is characterized by a complex metabolic reprogramming that features the Warburg effect as one of its hallmarks. The Warburg effect involves increased glucose and amino acid metabolism, which promotes tumor proliferation and progression. Although cancer has historically been attributed to genetic mutations, recent studies suggest a possible metabolic origin. However, a key characteristic of cancer cells is their greater adaptability than normal cells, as evidenced by their resistance to chemotherapy, which stems from their high mutability. This underscores the need to examine the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and cancer development from both metabolic and evolutionary perspectives. In this context, Saccharomyces cerevisiae snf1∆ strain has emerged as an ideal cellular model for studying the Warburg effect. This study aimed to determine whether deletion of the SNF1 gene in S. cerevisiae affects its chronological aging and competitiveness in a glucose and amino acid-dependent manner. Herein, we provide evidence that the snf1∆ strain changes the chronological aging depending on nutrimental condition, under low-nutrient levels shortens (0.1% glucose + 0.1x amino acids), and increases under high-nutrient levels (5% glucose + 3x amino acids). Competitiveness of the snf1∆ strain in co-cultivation with wild-type was also improved in 5% glucose + 3x amino acids, by approximately 2 Log10. These results indicate that snf1∆ strain aging and competitiveness are also sensitive to nutrimental status, as was observed in cancer cells.