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Building energy consumption is still one of the main contributions to global carbon emissions. With the overall digitalization in the building sector, building automation and control systems (BACS) are to play a more important and key role in improving the building sector performance. A well-designed BACS at the building design phase with a high level of control functionalities is not a guarantee for efficient building operation and successful control and management strategies in the operational phase. Thus, a systematic automated initial and retro-commissioning process is key to test the performance of the automation system and the response of the integrated HVAC systems. This is an arduous and time-consuming task susceptible to human errors. As an alternative, the current study proposes a methodological framework to automate step response testing of BACS and to optimize the different steps of this process in a cost-effective way. In addition to newly built buildings, the framework can be applied in existing or retrofitted medium to large-sized buildings that have a building management system capable of receiving actuator commands and responsible to provide updates of several state variables. Based on the proposed framework, a first-of-its kind tool “AUSTRET” for building automated step response testing of BACS is designed and developed. The tool provides the necessary input configuring parameters, building system selection, and output results for each performed test. The framework aims to act upon ventilation, room heating and cooling, and water heating and cooling modules in a building. The implementation and demonstration of the AUSTRET in a medium-sized building case study for two different building systems are presented and evaluated: (1) Ventilation/fan, (2) Room heating. The results show the different dynamic responses on these two systems and how misleading input parameter configuration can invalidate step response tests. The preliminary results highlight the capability of using AUSTRET as a key component in both building initial and retro-commissioning applications.
Athila Santos; Na Liu; Muhyiddine Jradi. AUSTRET: An Automated Step Response Testing Tool for Building Automation and Control Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 3972 .
AMA StyleAthila Santos, Na Liu, Muhyiddine Jradi. AUSTRET: An Automated Step Response Testing Tool for Building Automation and Control Systems. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Santos; Na Liu; Muhyiddine Jradi. 2021. "AUSTRET: An Automated Step Response Testing Tool for Building Automation and Control Systems." Energies 14, no. 13: 3972.
Power distribution networks are vulnerable to different faults, which compromise the grid performance and need to be managed effectively. Automatic and accurate fault detection and location are key components of effective fault management. This paper proposes a new framework for fault detection and location for smart distribution networks that are equipped with data loggers. The framework supports networks with mixed overhead lines and underground cables. The proposed framework consists of area detection, faulty section identification, and high impedance fault location. Firstly, the faulty zone and section are detected based on the operation of over-current relays and digital fault recorders. Then, by comparing the recorded traveling times at both ends of lines, which are related to the protection zone, the faulty line is identified. In the last step, the location of the fault is estimated based on discrete wavelet transform. The proposed method is tested on a 20 kV 13 node network, which is composed of overhead lines and underground cables. The method is tested in both balanced and unbalanced configurations. The obtained results confirm the advantages of the proposed method compared with the current state-of-the art.
Saeid Khavari; Rahman Dashti; Hamid Reza Shaker; Athila Santos. High Impedance Fault Detection and Location in Combined Overhead Line and Underground Cable Distribution Networks Equipped with Data Loggers. Energies 2020, 13, 2331 .
AMA StyleSaeid Khavari, Rahman Dashti, Hamid Reza Shaker, Athila Santos. High Impedance Fault Detection and Location in Combined Overhead Line and Underground Cable Distribution Networks Equipped with Data Loggers. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaeid Khavari; Rahman Dashti; Hamid Reza Shaker; Athila Santos. 2020. "High Impedance Fault Detection and Location in Combined Overhead Line and Underground Cable Distribution Networks Equipped with Data Loggers." Energies 13, no. 9: 2331.
This paper investigates how to implement residential dynamic taxation in Denmark. To this end, it proposes three dynamic schemes that can be implemented by the Danish government. In particular, the paper studies one Ad-valorem and two different per-unit tax schemes, which respectively depend on electricity consumption and CO2 emissions. A second contribution of the paper is to perform a holistic impact assessment based on six different categories, which decision makers can utilize to evaluate taxation schemes. These are: CO2 emissions saved; the social cost of CO2 savings; revenue neutrality; the composition of the production mix; transparency and predictability of taxation schemes; and how much consumption can be shifted. Based on the findings, a recommendation directed at Danish decision makers in the energy sector is presented. Results stand in contrast to earlier findings in the literature and suggest that a per-unit (excise) dynamic taxation scheme that depends on the level of consumption is preferred over a per-unit taxation scheme that depends on CO2 emissions or an Ad-valorem tax on the retail electricity price. This assessment is based on the considerations that the preferred scheme: (1) incentivizes greater demand-side flexibility, (2) reduces CO2 emissions more efficiently, (3) depends on a predictable random variable, i.e. electricity consumption.
Lau H. Albertsen; Mads Andersen; Luis R. Boscán; Athila Q. Santos. Implementing dynamic electricity taxation in Denmark. Energy Policy 2020, 143, 111543 .
AMA StyleLau H. Albertsen, Mads Andersen, Luis R. Boscán, Athila Q. Santos. Implementing dynamic electricity taxation in Denmark. Energy Policy. 2020; 143 ():111543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLau H. Albertsen; Mads Andersen; Luis R. Boscán; Athila Q. Santos. 2020. "Implementing dynamic electricity taxation in Denmark." Energy Policy 143, no. : 111543.
Ehsan Gord; Rahman Dashti; Mojtaba Najafi; Athila Santos; Hamid Reza Shaker. Determining an accurate fault location in electrical energy distribution networks in the presence of DGs using transient analysis. Measurement 2020, 151, 1 .
AMA StyleEhsan Gord, Rahman Dashti, Mojtaba Najafi, Athila Santos, Hamid Reza Shaker. Determining an accurate fault location in electrical energy distribution networks in the presence of DGs using transient analysis. Measurement. 2020; 151 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEhsan Gord; Rahman Dashti; Mojtaba Najafi; Athila Santos; Hamid Reza Shaker. 2020. "Determining an accurate fault location in electrical energy distribution networks in the presence of DGs using transient analysis." Measurement 151, no. : 1.
Microgrids can increase the security of supply of electricity systems, and also can support to achieve a carbon-free electricity system in the areas where the security of supply is close to 100%. Besides technical aspects, characteristics such as optimum design, cost consideration factors and different technologies have to be addressed. Meanwhile, there are challenges for cost-effective carbon-free microgrids due to intermittency and fluctuation issues. Therefore, energy storage technologies have been proposed to facilitate the transition to a CO2 emission-free solution. This paper proposes a framework to analyze the feasibility of energy storage technologies for microgrids. The method considers input requirements and issues such as economic feasibility, energy technology selection, renewability assessment, storage capability, etc. The method is applied in a case of a Danish island to achieve the overall goal of having a 100% renewable portfolio. Several storage technologies are evaluated with three defined criteria. The result shows that it is possible to obtain a feasible solution with the application of energy storage technologies in the island with a drawback of increasing the final energy cost.
Athila Santos; Zheng Ma; Mads Agergaard; Sebastian Frejo Rasmussen; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. Analysis of Energy Storage Technologies for Island Microgrids: A Case study of the Ærø Island in Denmark. 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) 2020, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAthila Santos, Zheng Ma, Mads Agergaard, Sebastian Frejo Rasmussen, Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. Analysis of Energy Storage Technologies for Island Microgrids: A Case study of the Ærø Island in Denmark. 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). 2020; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Santos; Zheng Ma; Mads Agergaard; Sebastian Frejo Rasmussen; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. 2020. "Analysis of Energy Storage Technologies for Island Microgrids: A Case study of the Ærø Island in Denmark." 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT) , no. : 1-5.
Automatic under frequency load shedding schemes need to be carefully designed in order to reduce the risk of widespread system collapse. This paper proposes a centralized hierarchical multi-agent system that coordinates various stages of monitoring and decision making processes. The main contribution is to improve traditional contingency response algorithms such as load shedding schemes, taking advantage of the future smart grid infrastructure. The multi-agent system seeks for a minimum amount of load disconnection in a short period of time, causing the least possible disturbance in the system frequency. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a full electric power system using a real time digital simulator was utilized. The solution was embedded in a real time system, consisting of hardware and software, to test and validate the proposed methodology. In addition, the studied methodology was compared with two other load shedding philosophies through a load shedding metric score. Shedding was carried out in a single step and the amount of disconnected load was close to the dynamic power unbalance. The results show that it is possible to improve the traditional load shedding philosophy schemes and use advanced communication infrastructure, monitoring and embedded processing capabilities to provide better stability and reduce unnecessary load disconnections from the system.
Athila Santos; Renato MacHado Monaro; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. A new real-time multi-agent system for under frequency load shedding in a smart grid context. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 174, 105851 .
AMA StyleAthila Santos, Renato MacHado Monaro, Denis Coury, Mario Oleskovicz. A new real-time multi-agent system for under frequency load shedding in a smart grid context. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 174 ():105851.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Santos; Renato MacHado Monaro; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. 2019. "A new real-time multi-agent system for under frequency load shedding in a smart grid context." Electric Power Systems Research 174, no. : 105851.
Electrical Power Systems should be designed in order to minimize the effects of system disturbances and to enable decision-making based on different configurations and relevant priority analysis. Automatic Under Frequency Load Shedding is a known effective solution to the problem of contingencies in the electrical power grid and it is the last resource to mitigate the damage caused by severe and unexpected contingencies. However, to the best of our knowledge, the load priority configuration, which have been presented so far in load shedding process do not take into account some important aspects, such as social, economic or political importance of the connected loads, as well as how negative is the impact on the public image of power utilities when disconnecting specific load branches. This paper aims to provide a general priority holistic function which can be applied to different load shedding schemes, independent of the adopted philosophy and operating principles. The proposed ranking is developed using a Fuzzy system for load priority classification that takes several aspects into consideration. To illustrate the method, an electrical power system was simulated, comparing a traditional load shedding scheme with two different sets of load priorities and evaluated by the proposed metric.
Athila Santos; Hamid Reza Shaker; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. A Holistic Fuzzy Measure for Load Priority in Under Frequency Load Shedding Schemes. 2018 International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT) 2018, 1 -6.
AMA StyleAthila Santos, Hamid Reza Shaker, Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. A Holistic Fuzzy Measure for Load Priority in Under Frequency Load Shedding Schemes. 2018 International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT). 2018; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Santos; Hamid Reza Shaker; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. 2018. "A Holistic Fuzzy Measure for Load Priority in Under Frequency Load Shedding Schemes." 2018 International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT) , no. : 1-6.
Microgrids are emerging as feasible solutions to handle local energy systems. Several factors influence the development of such systems, such as technical, economic, social, legal, and regulatory issues. These important aspects need to be addressed to design appropriate microscale projects that take into consideration adequate technology without underestimating local characteristics. This article aims to propose a framework design for microgrid optimization using technical, social, and economic analysis. The framework is presented through a small island case study that shows each step of the method. As a contribution, this work provides a multi-objective optimization framework with different criteria consideration, such as the inhabitants’ cost of living and inter-cultural aspects, instead of traditional technical and economic analysis. The results show the applicability of the proposed framework showing better alternatives when compared with actual or future improvements in the study case scenario.
Athila Quaresma Santos; Zheng Ma; Casper Gellert Olsen; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. Framework for Microgrid Design Using Social, Economic, and Technical Analysis. Energies 2018, 11, 2832 .
AMA StyleAthila Quaresma Santos, Zheng Ma, Casper Gellert Olsen, Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. Framework for Microgrid Design Using Social, Economic, and Technical Analysis. Energies. 2018; 11 (10):2832.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Quaresma Santos; Zheng Ma; Casper Gellert Olsen; Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. 2018. "Framework for Microgrid Design Using Social, Economic, and Technical Analysis." Energies 11, no. 10: 2832.
Modeling and simulation of power systems presents itself as an important tool for performance evaluation of protection systems. Combined with digital relays behavior, protection algorithms can be tested in a reliable and economic way. However there is a lack of flexible solutions to simulate algorithms implementation and digital relays modeling on real-time closed- loop test environments. Taking this into consideration, this paper presents an open-source C++ library designed to simulate the operation of a digital protection relay. As a result, a solution with very flexible implementation was obtained. The reliability was addressed through the literature review of previous works that directly or indirectly used the proposed solution to implement different protection algorithms philosophies.
Renato M. Monaro; Athila Q. Santos; Silvio G. Di Santo; Denis Coury; Alexandre M. Aguiar. OpenRelay: Open Source Protection Algorithms for Electric Power System Relays. 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleRenato M. Monaro, Athila Q. Santos, Silvio G. Di Santo, Denis Coury, Alexandre M. Aguiar. OpenRelay: Open Source Protection Algorithms for Electric Power System Relays. 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenato M. Monaro; Athila Q. Santos; Silvio G. Di Santo; Denis Coury; Alexandre M. Aguiar. 2018. "OpenRelay: Open Source Protection Algorithms for Electric Power System Relays." 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM) , no. : 1-5.
The microgrid development in Kenya is increasing dramatically due to the demand for electricity and the aging electricity transmission infrastructure. However, the current trading approach for microgrids is not sufficient, for especially isolated microgrids in Kenya. This paper proposes a peer-to-peer trading solution called Auction House. This trading solution contains information of bids and sales, and can create a market that both electricity producers and consumers can buy and sell electricity at a desired timeslot and in variable duration via mobile phones. The results by the microgrid simulation software-Homer Pro with a case study of a village consisting 50 citizens in the rural area in Kenya show that the Auction House Trading solutions can provide incentives to both private and public microgrids in Kenya.
Zheng Ma; Kristian Bloch-Hansen; Jesper Wonsbek Buck; Andreas Kruse Hansen; Lasse Juul Henriksen; Casper Falling Thielsen; Athila Santos; Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. Peer-to-Peer Trading Solution for Microgrids in Kenya. 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica 2018, 1 -425.
AMA StyleZheng Ma, Kristian Bloch-Hansen, Jesper Wonsbek Buck, Andreas Kruse Hansen, Lasse Juul Henriksen, Casper Falling Thielsen, Athila Santos, Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. Peer-to-Peer Trading Solution for Microgrids in Kenya. 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. 2018; ():1-425.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng Ma; Kristian Bloch-Hansen; Jesper Wonsbek Buck; Andreas Kruse Hansen; Lasse Juul Henriksen; Casper Falling Thielsen; Athila Santos; Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. 2018. "Peer-to-Peer Trading Solution for Microgrids in Kenya." 2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica , no. : 1-425.
Energy poverty is widespread in island countries, especially for the low-income countries. It is around 70% households in the Pacific island countries do not have access to electricity. With the fast development of renewable technologies, feasible and cost-efficient microgrid solutions are expected to mitigate this issue. This paper uses Indonesia as an example to investigate, develop and evaluate the potential microgrid solutions for the remote islands. There are six potential microgrid solutions are discussed, and two solutions (photovoltaic cells and storage; diesel generator, photovoltaic cells, and battery) are evaluated and identified as the most feasible, cheapest, and green solutions for the remote island microgrids.
Zheng Ma; Athila Santos; Filip Gamborg; Jesper Fischer Nielsen; Johan Meinhard Johannesen; Maria Dahl; Hedegaard Jensen; Morten Ratzer Pedersen; Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. Solutions for Remote Island Microgrids : Discussion and analysis of Indonesia’s remote island energy system. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) 2018, 493 -498.
AMA StyleZheng Ma, Athila Santos, Filip Gamborg, Jesper Fischer Nielsen, Johan Meinhard Johannesen, Maria Dahl, Hedegaard Jensen, Morten Ratzer Pedersen, Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. Solutions for Remote Island Microgrids : Discussion and analysis of Indonesia’s remote island energy system. 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). 2018; ():493-498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng Ma; Athila Santos; Filip Gamborg; Jesper Fischer Nielsen; Johan Meinhard Johannesen; Maria Dahl; Hedegaard Jensen; Morten Ratzer Pedersen; Bo Norregaard Jorgensen. 2018. "Solutions for Remote Island Microgrids : Discussion and analysis of Indonesia’s remote island energy system." 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) , no. : 493-498.
Electrical Power Systems should be designed in order to minimise the effects of system disturbances. However, in order to mitigate the damage caused by severe and unexpected contingencies, new special control philosophies such as automatic under frequency load shedding (AUFLS) were developed. The aim of the AUFLS process is to preserve most of the system and avoid situations of widespread blackouts. However, the design of this type of process, including the definition of parameters, is generally based on historical observations or previous experiences without a specific methodological basis. Furthermore, good evaluation methods among AUFLS schemes and the comparison among different load control philosophies play a major role in the overall performance of the system. This study aims to provide a general evaluation function that can be applied to different load shedding schemes, even those with different philosophies and operating principles. For the sake of exemplification, a set of AUFLS schemes were evaluated by the proposed metric.
Athila Quaresma Santos; Renato MacHado Monaro; Denis Vinicius Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. New scoring metric for load shedding in multi‐control area systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2017, 11, 1179 -1186.
AMA StyleAthila Quaresma Santos, Renato MacHado Monaro, Denis Vinicius Coury, Mario Oleskovicz. New scoring metric for load shedding in multi‐control area systems. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2017; 11 (5):1179-1186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Quaresma Santos; Renato MacHado Monaro; Denis Vinicius Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. 2017. "New scoring metric for load shedding in multi‐control area systems." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 11, no. 5: 1179-1186.
Electrical Power Systems are constantly exposed to various disturbances that can significantly affect their operation. Hence, the Automatic Under Frequency Load Shedding philosophy was proposed in order to relieve overloaded infrastructures in cases of imbalances between generation and demand. However, determining the various parameters that compose a conventional load shedding scheme is not a deterministic task. In this context, where load shedding schemes must be well designed, there is a need to pursue new methodologies to provide fast and optimized projects whose parameters are appropriate for the specific dynamics of each electrical system. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to analyse the required parameters in conventional load shedding designs. A scoring metric system is also presented to compare different proposed schemes. The methodology analyses the performance of each scheme design considering overload situations. In order to achieve this, a 12-Bus electrical system was modelled, promoting effective control and a testing platform. From the contingencies applied to the system and the scoring metric, each scheme was evaluated and compared in order to obtain the best configuration. The results demonstrate that the decreasing load distribution between the blocks has good generalization compared to the presented overload situations.
Athila Quaresma Santos; Renato MacHado Monaroy; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. Analysis of Load Shedding parameters through a new scoring metric system. 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting 2015, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAthila Quaresma Santos, Renato MacHado Monaroy, Denis Coury, Mario Oleskovicz. Analysis of Load Shedding parameters through a new scoring metric system. 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. 2015; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthila Quaresma Santos; Renato MacHado Monaroy; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. 2015. "Analysis of Load Shedding parameters through a new scoring metric system." 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting , no. : 1-5.
This research aims to apply the Method of Fault Positions to respond to difficulties found in the monitoring records of power distribution systems. In the context of power quality, resources for definition and evaluation of voltage sags indicators are pursued as a direct application of the method. This method uses computational simulations of symmetric and asymmetric short-circuits, by which the influence of each applied situation will also be verified to all buses of the distribution system. The optimal number of power quality monitors and the best positions for installing them on the distribution system will be also determined by applying the Branch-and-Bound algorithm. The purpose is to ensure the observability of the entire distribution system to any short-circuits. The proposed methodology is tested on two IEEE systems: IEEE 34-bus and IEEE 37-bus. The results obtained so far show the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology and are reported in this work.
T. R. Kempner; A. Q. Santos; Mario Oleskovicz. Optimized monitoring of voltage sags in distribution systems caused by balanced and unbalanced short-circuits. 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition 2014, 1 -5.
AMA StyleT. R. Kempner, A. Q. Santos, Mario Oleskovicz. Optimized monitoring of voltage sags in distribution systems caused by balanced and unbalanced short-circuits. 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition. 2014; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. R. Kempner; A. Q. Santos; Mario Oleskovicz. 2014. "Optimized monitoring of voltage sags in distribution systems caused by balanced and unbalanced short-circuits." 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition , no. : 1-5.
A.Q. Santos; R.M. Monaro; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. Real-Time Closed Loop system controlled by an Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of the Optimal Load Shedding. 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014) 2014, 1 .
AMA StyleA.Q. Santos, R.M. Monaro, Denis Coury, Mario Oleskovicz. Real-Time Closed Loop system controlled by an Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of the Optimal Load Shedding. 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014). 2014; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.Q. Santos; R.M. Monaro; Denis Coury; Mario Oleskovicz. 2014. "Real-Time Closed Loop system controlled by an Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of the Optimal Load Shedding." 12th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP 2014) , no. : 1.