Robots and artificial intelligence technologies have become very important in the health applications as in many other fields. The proposed system in this work aims to provide detailed analysis of pre-op and post-op stage of FUE hair transplant procedures to enable surgeon to plan and assess success of the operations. In order to achieve this target, a robotic and vision-based system imaging and AI based analysis approach is developed. The proposed system performs analyses in three main stages: initialization, scanning, and analysis. At the initialization stage, 3D model of the patient’s head generated at first by locating a depth camera in various positions around the patient by the help of a collaborative robot. At the second stage, where high resolution image capturing is performed in a loop with the usage of the 3D model, raw images are processed by a deep learning based object detection algorithm where follicles in pre-op and extracted follicle positions (i.e. holes) and placed grafts in post-op is detected. At the last stage, thickness of each hair is computed at the detected hair follicle positions using another deep learning-based segmentation approach. These data are combined to obtain objective evaluation criteria to generate patient report. Experimental results show that the developed system can be used successfully in hair transplantation operations.

Background/aim: The localization of the standard posterior portal of shoulder arthroscopy and landmarks mentioned in the literature are unclear. The purpose of this prospective cadaveric study was to determine the localization of the standard posterior portal and its distance to the neural structures. Materials and methods: One fresh frozen and 10 formalin-fixed adult cadaveric shoulders were dissected. In the beach chair position, a 5-mm trocar was placed anteroposteriorly from the superior edge of the subscapularis muscle, superior to the tip of the coracoid process and tangent to the glenoid. The relevant distances of the posterior exit point were measured. Results: In all specimens, the exit point was a triangular fibrous area, between the posterior and lateral parts of the deltoid. Medial and inferior distances of the trocar to the posterolateral tip of the acromion were 1.88 ± 0.53 cm and 1.35 ± 0.34 cm and distances to the axillary and suprascapular nerves were 4.54 ± 1.08 cm and 2.54 ± 0.85 cm, respectively. Conclusion: The most important finding of this study was the superficial localization of the soft spot between the posterior and lateral parts of deltoid.

Background and Objectives: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology refers to structural abnormalities that can alter normal joint mechanics and potentially lead to early onset osteoarthritis. Although commonly diagnosed in symptomatic individuals, such morphological features are also found in asymptomatic adults, underlining their relevance for early detection and preventive management. This study aimed to evaluate the three-dimensional congruence of hip joint surfaces in relation to FAI and the morphology of asymptomatic hips with potential FAI features. Materials and Methods: Retrospective three-dimensional reconstructions of 86 hip joints were created using Mimics software from computed tomography (CT) scans of the lower abdomen and pelvis retrieved from the radiology archive. CT scans belonged to individuals with preserved anatomical integrity (20 females, 23 males, bilateral hips), aged 24–76 years. Lateral center-edge angle (LCEA) and alpha angle measurements were obtained from reconstructions to assess the risk of asymptomatic FAI. Results: Significant gender differences were found in alpha angles. The mean right alpha angle was 46.57 ± 3.12° in females and 49.28 ± 6.66° in males p = 0.046, while the mean left alpha angle was 43.75 ± 5.53° in females and 47.37 ± 5.77° in males p = 0.021. An alpha angle >50°, suggestive of cam type FAI, was present in 25.6% of right hips and 13.9% of left hips. LCEA values showed no significant gender or side differences, with a mean of 30.21 ± 8.96° across the cohort. Conclusions: Three-dimensional evaluation of asymptomatic hips revealed FAI-consistent morphology in a notable proportion of individuals, particularly males. Cam-type deformities tended to occur bilaterally, whereas pincer-type morphologies were more sporadic and often unilateral. Increased alpha and LCEA measurements in asymptomatic individuals suggest that FAI morphology may exist subclinically without always indicating disease. Future studies incorporating longitudinal imaging and clinical follow-up are needed to clarify the prognostic significance of these findings.

Purpose: The surgical approach for midfoot injuries classically requires dual dorsal incision and identification of the neurovascular structures that are susceptible to injury during the surgery. The aim of this study was to map the topographic anatomy of the dorsum of the foot along with tarsal joints for the dorsal approach of midfoot surgery that would facilitate the surgery and minimize the risk of neurovascular injuries for surgeons who specially focus on foot and ankle injuries. Methods: The dorsum of the foot was evaluated in 12 feet injected with latex containing a red colorant to visualize the arterial vessels. The navicular line, originating from the navicular tuberosity (NT) and passing over the dorsum of the foot, was used as a reference line. Dorsal foot neurovascular structures including cutaneous branches and muscles were mapped with respect to the tarsal joints and navicular line. Results: The deep peroneal nerve and dorsalis pedis artery were coursing between the base of the first and second metatarsal bones over which the tendon of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle was passing. The tendon of extensor hallucis brevis was crossing over the deep peroneal nerve and dorsalis pedis artery 55.2 mm superior and 45.0 mm lateral, respectively, from the NT. Conclusion: This cadaver study supplies a detailed topographic map of the dorsum of the foot using the tarsal joints and NT as landmarks for protecting the neurovascular structures to facilitate midfoot surgeries for sports medicine surgeons who specially focus on foot and ankle injuries.

Background/Objectives: Lisfranc joint injuries are complex midfoot pathologies frequently associated with subtle radiologic findings and delayed diagnosis. Although ligamentous disruption is considered the primary mechanism, the contribution of intrinsic osseous morphology remains insufficiently investigated. Previous studies have primarily relied on two-dimensional measurements and limited morphometric parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) based morphometric evaluation of the medial and central columns of the Lisfranc joint and to determine whether specific bony parameters are associated with injury predisposition. Methods: A total of 48 CT scans, including 23 from patients with Lisfranc joint injuries and 25 from healthy controls without midfoot trauma, were retrospectively analyzed. For both groups, 3D models of the first three metatarsals (M1–M3) and cuneiforms (C1–C3) were reconstructed to measure bone length, articular surface areas, volumes, M1–M2/M2–M3 depth differences, and dorsal step-off (dorsal subluxation of M2 relative to C2). Correlations of these measurements with M2 length were additionally assessed in each group. Results: Comparisons between injury and healthy control groups revealed no significant differences in bony morphometrics (p > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that a longer M2 were associated with greater cuneiform volumes and larger metatarsal articular surface areas (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This comprehensive 3D morphometric assessment of the Lisfranc joint indicates that intrinsic bony anatomy alone is unlikely to represent a primary predisposing factor for Lisfranc injuries. The observed positive relationship between M2 length and cuneiform articular surface areas and volumes demonstrates structural interdependence within the medial and central columns. Overall, injury susceptibility does not appear to be explained by variations in osseous morphology alone.