Numerous studies have demonstrated that the brain and blood–brain barrier, which are sensitive targets for cell phone and microwave radiation, are damaged after exposure. Additionally, ginseng has been shown to play a role in preserving the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical, genetic and biochemical effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the protective role of ginseng on these effects. The animals were randomly allocated into seven groups (eight in each group): group I: control, group II: sham, group III: ginseng, group IV: 2100 MHz EMF, group V: 2100 MHz EMF + ginseng, group VI: 2450 MHz EMF, group VII: 2450 MHz EMF + ginseng. EMF groups exposed to EMF, 1 h day⁻¹ for 30 days. Ginseng was administered 150 mg/kg/day for 30 days. As a result, it was determined immunohistochemically that EMF caused apoptosis in brain tissue. It was observed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene decreased and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene (BCL-2)-associated X (BAX) protein increased in EMF groups, as well as apoptosis formation. On the other hand, it was concluded that ginseng decreased the harmful effects by increasing the expression of the COX-2 gene and decreasing the BAX protein in this process leading to apoptosis.

Background: The goal of this study was to analyze the prophylactic effects of quercetin (Qu) against testes damage induced by 2600 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) in rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male rats (Wistar-Albino) were indiscriminately separated into four groups which were named: Control, Sham-exposed, EMF-exposed (EMF, 1 h day−1 for 30 ...

Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at different frequencies has been reported to induce apoptotic changes in brain tissue. Apoptosis is commonly evaluated using the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) method; however, conventional semi-quantitative scoring is subjective and may vary between observers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of transfer learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN) models for the objective and automated classification of apoptotic damage in TUNEL-stained brain sections. A total of 92 light microscopy images of TUNEL-stained rat brain tissue, obtained from experimental groups, were analyzed. Apoptotic damage was categorized into three classes (0: no, +1: slight, +2: moderate) based on semi-quantitative scoring. Pre-trained convolutional neural network models, including AlexNet, SqueezeNet, GoogLeNet, Inception-v3, and ResNet-101, were applied for image classification. All models were able to classify apoptotic damage levels, defined by the extent of TUNEL staining, from images with varying performance. The best-performing model achieved high classification accuracy and demonstrated strong agreement with manual scoring, as determined by visual assessments by experts. The models successfully distinguished between different levels of apoptotic damage observed across experimental groups. The findings suggest that transfer learning-based CNN models may provide an objective and reproducible approach for the classification of apoptotic damage in TUNEL-stained histopathological images, thereby reducing observer-dependent variability. This approach may also support histopathological evaluation in experimental models, including studies investigating EMF-induced brain injury.

Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure is higher in the structures surrounding the ears and head. Moreover, the brain is the organ most vulnerable to microwave radiation, exhibiting earlier and more severe mitochondrial damage compared to other tissues. The present study investigated the impact of 2600 MHz RFR on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) through immunohistochemical, genetic, and biochemical analyses and explored the potential protective role of ginseng. The animals in the study were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 per group): control, sham, ginseng, 2600 MHz RFR, and 2600 MHz RFR + ginseng. The RFR groups were exposed to RFR for 1 h day⁻¹ for 30 days. Ginseng was applied every day (150 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 30 days. Histopathological examination of the 2600 MHz RFR group revealed degenerative changes, vacuolization, vascular dilatation, and mild edema, particularly in cortical neurons. These alterations appeared reduced in the sham and 2600 MHz RFR + ginseng groups. The immunohistochemical findings indicated moderate damage in the RFR group, whereas a statistically significant decrease was observed in the ginseng-treated groups (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that 2600 MHz RFR may be associated with increased apoptotic activity and ginseng may exert a protective effect.