Background: This study aims to investigate the genetic contribution of polymorphic variants of the TCF7L2 (rs7903146) and PPARG (rs1801282) genes to the risk of developing prediabetes in individuals of Kazakh ethnicity. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study involving 200 cases with prediabetes and 200 prediabetes-free controls, aged 16–60 years (n = 400). Real-time polymerase chain reaction on a StepOnePlus instrument (Applied Biosystems, USA), employing the TaqMan method for site-specific amplification and genotyping of the TCF7L2 (rs7903146) and PPARG (rs1801282) genes was used. Results: Patients with prediabetes had a higher birth weight, increased BMI, larger waist and hip circumferences, and a higher waist-to-hip ratio compared to healthy patients in the control group. There was a significant increase in the risk of developing prediabetes for both the rs1801282 polymorphism of the PPARG gene and the rs7903146 polymorphism of the TCF7L2 gene. The risk was 9.8 times higher in carriers of the GG genotype of PPARG (rs1801282) (OR = 9.769, 95% CI: 2.124–44.922, p = 0.003) and 10.7 times higher for carriers of the TT genotype of TCF7L2 (rs7903146) (OR = 10.731, 95% CI: 1.309–87.939, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for tailored early screening and preventive strategies for prediabetes in the Kazakh population, focusing on individuals with high-risk genotypes. Such efforts could improve targeted interventions and reduce the burden of prediabetes. Future research should adopt a longitudinal design, include diverse ethnic groups, and investigate additional genetic markers to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic underpinnings of prediabetes.

Background: The aim is to assess the association between the level of vitamin D, maternal diseases, and macrosomia in newborns. Methods: This study included 258 full-term newborns (86 newborns with macrosomia; and 172 newborns with normal weight). Enzyme immunoassays for the determination of vitamin D were performed. Results: Newborns with macrosomia were statistically significantly more likely to have severe vitamin D deficiency compared with control (13.5 ± 6.7 ng/mL vs. 21.3 ± 12.1 ng/mL; p < 0.05). In the main group, severe deficiency was found in 40.7% of newborns, in the control group this rate was 5.8% (χ² = 71,788, df = 3, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis shows that statistically significant risk factors for the development of macrosomia were vitamin D deficiency in the cord blood (OR = 2.29), maternal age over 36 years old (OR = 19.54), and hypothyroidism (OR = 9.35). Conclusion: the results of our study demonstrate relationship between macrosomia in newborns and vitamin D deficiency in the cord blood, maternal overweight and obesity, maternal age and thyroid disease.

Introduction. Bacteriological laboratories play a key role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, the study of pathogenic microorganisms, and the development of prevention methods. Close collaboration between clinical microbiologists and attending physicians is necessary to optimize microbiological research. This article discusses the main areas of work of the bacteriological laboratory, diagnostic methods, and the role of laboratories in the fight against infectious diseases. The purpose of the study. To analyze the structure and properties of pathogens isolated from the patients' material and the choice of drugs for initial empirical antimicrobial therapy. Research materials and methods. A retrospective continuous copying of research results from the journals of the bacteriological laboratory of the Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases in Semey for 2024. Identification of pathogens obtained from various patient materials was carried out in accordance with the regulatory documents governing the work of bacteriological laboratories. Sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs was determined by the disco diffusion method. Statistical processing was carried out in the Excel program. The results of the study. In total, 37790 analyzes from 31689 individuals were performed in the bacteriological laboratory of Semey in 2024. The main areas of the laboratory's work were the isolation of salmonella, shigella, opportunistic pathogenic flora, pathogenic staphylococcus, feces for dysbiosis, pathogens of droplet infections (meningococcal infection, diphtheria, pertussis), blood tests, biomaterial studies for pathogenic flora, serological studies. In intestinal infections, pathogenic flora, conditionally pathogenic flora, pathogenic staphylococcus, and stool examination for dysbiosis were determined. Of airborne infections, studies were conducted on meningococcal infection, whooping cough and diphtheria. Blood tests for hemoculture and striality were carried out in the laboratory. The laboratory also conducted studies of various biomaterials for pathogenic flora: eyes, ENT organs, wounds, breast milk, genitals, urine, sputum, cadaverous material. The analysis of the microbial landscape revealed that bacteria from the genera of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida, Escherichia coli, etc. were most often isolated. The bacteriological laboratory performs serological studies. Conclusions. The work of specialists in microbiological laboratories plays a crucial role in the effective prevention and control of infections, since the identification of the pathogen allows doctors to prescribe treatment in a timely and effective manner and thereby prevent the spread of infections. Введение. Бактериологические лаборатории играют ключевую роль в диагностике инфекционных заболеваний, исследовании патогенных микроорганизмов и разработке методов профилактики. Для оптимизации микробиологических исследований необходимо тесное взаимодействие между клиническими микробиологами и лечащими врачами. В этой статье рассматриваются основные направления работы бактериологической лаборатории, методы диагностики и роль лабораторий в борьбе с инфекционными болезнями. Цель исследования. Провести анализ структуры и свойств возбудителей, выделяемых из материала больных и выбор препаратов для стартовой эмпирической антимикробной терапии. Материал и методы исследования. Проведена ретроспективная сплошная выкопировка результатов исследований из журналов бактериологической лаборатории Центра фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных болезней г. Семей за 2024 год. Идентификацию возбудителей, полученных из различного материала больных, проводили согласно нормативным документам, регламентирующим работу бактериологических лабораторий. Определение чувствительности к антимикробным препаратам осуществлялось диско-диффузионным методом. Статистическая обработка проводилась в программе Excel. Результаты исследования. Всего за 2024 год по бактериологической лаборатории г. Семей было выполнено 37790 анализов от 31689 лиц. Основными направлениями работы лаборатории были выделение сальмонеллы, шигеллы, условно-патогенной флоры, патогенного стафилококка, кал на дисбактериоз, возбудителей капельных инфекций (менингококковая инфекция, дифтерия, коклюш), исследования крови, исследования биоматериала на патогенную флору, серологические исследования. При кишечных инфекциях определяли патогенную флору, условно патогенную флору, патогенный стафилококк и...