The study aims to investigate the relationships between the volume of net migration and the economic development of individual European countries, which will make it possible to forecast the level of GDP and strengthen their migration policy. Correlation-regression analysis was used based on statistical data from Eurostat and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2014−2021 for selected European countries (the EU-27 member states, Switzerland, and Ukraine). The correlation-regression analysis showed a relationship between the volume of net migration and the level of GDP. The linear correlation equations forecasted the value of the GDP level depending on the influence of a single factor – the volume of net migration. The attention is focused on the importance of migration, which ensures economic growth for Poland. It is attractive due to a simpler mechanism for moving immigrants than in other EU-27 countries, ease of language learning and easier adaptation, territorial proximity, and a higher standard of living compared to neighboring countries that were part of the Soviet Union. Thus, an increase in net migration to Poland by 1% will lead to an increase in gross domestic product by 1.43 million euros. Due to Russia’s war against Ukraine, net migration from Ukraine to Poland has increased significantly, potentially increasing Poland’s GDP in 2023 by 0.08% or 529.54 million euros.

Ukrainian universities operate under uncertain conditions and numerous challenges during wartime, significantly affecting their stability. This paper aims to identify and classify the key risks to the stability of Ukrainian universities during wartime and propose proactive tools for their mitigation. The study focuses on financial, personnel, and social risks, which are highlighted as the most critical under current circumstances. The data were sourced from the official websites of 10 universities, Open Budget, and the official websites of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The methodology combines theoretical analysis and statistical evaluation, including calculating marginal income – representing the portion of income covered by variable costs – and the operating margin ratio, defined as the ratio of marginal income to total income. Financial risks include a 7.9% reduction in education budget allocations, decreased subsidies, and insufficient state support. Personnel risks are analyzed through indicators, e.g., uncompetitive average hourly wages, leading to staff attrition and reduced motivation. The findings propose a multi-level classification of risks, categorizing them into external and internal with subcategories such as financial, personnel, and social ones. Non-traditional financial measures, such as unpaid leave and allowance reductions, were observed as short-term crisis strategies but require further evaluation to assess their long-term impact. The paper contributes to academic discourse by outlining challenges to university stability during wartime and providing a foundation for future research into effective risk mitigation strategies.

Purpose. To assess the state of budget financing of Ukrainian HEIs, determine their funding structure, and identify prerequisites for developing hybrid financing as a tool for stability and strategic development. Methodology. Dynamic and structural analysis, the Hirschman-Herfindahl index (HHI(DI) and such methods as quantitative, arithmetic mean, limit values, graphic, visualization, and system methods were used in the research process. The practical testing of research hypotheses was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive approach to the financing of HEIs of Ukraine and a panel sample of 35 universities, which takes into account rating indicators, industry and regional aspects. Findings. Transformation processes at various levels are linked to trends such as reduced budget funding, structural changes, staff and student migration, decreased demand for additional services, and military factors, creating prerequisites for hybrid university funding. The article identifies conditions for hybrid financing, highlights negative trends in HEIs budget financing –including systemic underperformance and inflation impacts – and analyzes income diversification in Ukrainian universities using the HHI(DI). Limiting and average values were determined using the quantitative method, which made it possible to classify universities into sustainable (HHI(DI)  0.55) and risky (HHI(DI) > 0.55) ones; tendencies towards a slight diversification of universities’ incomes are revealed; a conceptual model is proposed of hybrid financing of universities to expand their financial autonomy, based on cooperation between university management, stakeholders, and staff core, with the aim of creating value propositions which satisfy the needs of stakeholders and generate cash flows; a new approach to the division of hybrid financing tools into three groups is proposed: passive or image-based, active-intellectual, and passive-innovative ones. This approach is innovative in the development of financial strategies for universities. Originality. New tools for making management decisions aimed at ensuring financial stability and developing financial strategies for universities are proposed. In particular, they include an original approach to the classification of universities into sustainable and risky ones based on the value of the HHI; the conceptual model of hybrid financing of universities, which promotes the expansion of their financial autonomy; the innovative approach to the division of hybrid financing instruments into three categories: passive or image-based, active-intellectual, passive-innovative. Practical value. The study’s results can be used to make management decisions on expanding financial autonomy of universities. The introduction of the conceptual model of hybrid financing will contribute to the diversification of income, increase in financing, as well as ensuring financial stability and strategic development of universities.

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractEnsuring entrepreneurial stability of the business environment constitutes an important objective of public administration, particularly relevant amid global political and economic instability and exposure to external shocks, especially for minimizing the risks of financial distress and preventing corporate bankruptcy. The study aims to assess the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) as a percentage of GDP and the level of entrepreneurial stability as a prerequisite for reducing bankruptcy intensity and ensuring the sustainable functioning of enterprises. Correlation and regression analyses are applied for the 2016–2023 data across 15 EU countries selected according to the criterion of data availability. The results reveal the association between FDI (% of GDP) and a composite indicator of entrepreneurial stability, which indirectly reflects the resilience of enterprises to bankruptcy and crisis phenomena. A cross-country differentiation allows for the classification of four groups: countries with a strong negative association (Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania), a strong positive association (the Netherlands, Romania), a medium level of association (Estonia, Spain, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus), and a weak relationship (Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Norway). Using the ARDL model, both short-term and lagged effects between FDI and entrepreneurial stability have been identified, as well as their impact on financial resilience and the reduction of bankruptcy probability over time. The regression models enable the assessment of the impact of FDI on business stability, forecasting bankruptcy risks, and supporting managerial decision-making to stimulate entrepreneurial activity and enhance economic security.

Europe faces sustained demographic contraction—sub-replacement fertility and aging—and Ukraine, whose full-scale war triggered Europe’s largest forced-displacement episode, is its sharpest case. We treat demographic security as a measurable state and construct a composite Demographic Security Index from nine indicators across five dimensions (natural change, aging, migration, health, and gender balance), measured identically for the EU-27 and Ukraine, 2014–2024. Construction uses pooled min–max normalization and equal-indicator weighting—so the volatile migration indicator receives one-ninth weight and cannot dominate the composite—with leave-one-out, random-weight, and alternative-scheme sensitivity checks, winsorized migration, and fixed-effects regressions on income. Ukraine ranks 26th–28th during 2014–2021 and reaches the panel’s lowest score, 0.282, in 2022, with the fall concentrated in the migration, gender-balance, and natural-change dimensions. Its limited 2024 uptick to 27th is driven by one projected migration input; removing the migration dimension leaves Ukraine last. Across countries, demographic security and income co-occur strongly (r ≈ 0.81); within countries, the short-run association is weakly negative, shared between the migration and gender-balance channels. Demographic security is thus a structural correlate of the economic dimension of development, not a short-run driver, and crisis-era composites should be read by dimension, not their headline score.