This systematic review aimed to synthesize experimental evidence on the anticancer effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and its derivatives against colorectal cancer (CRC) cell models. Eligible studies investigated probiotics, postbiotics, or bioactive compounds derived from L. rhamnosus with an in vitro component; studies relying solely on in vivo animal models, clinical trials, or observational designs were excluded. PubMed and Scopus were searched to identify relevant studies. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIN tool, and extracted data were tabulated. Owing to incomplete numerical data, meta-analysis was not feasible, and the results were synthesized accordingly. Seventeen studies were included. L. rhamnosus and its derivatives reduced CRC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and caused cell cycle arrest. Reported mechanisms included upregulation of Bax, caspase-3/9, and p53; downregulation of Bcl-2/Bcl-xl; inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling; reduced invasion and migration; increased reactive oxygen species; and immunomodulatory effects. Key limitations were heterogeneity in interventions, dosages, exposure periods, and cell lines, along with incomplete reporting, which precluded quantitative synthesis. Overall, preclinical evidence indicates multimodal anticancer effects of L. rhamnosus in CRC models; however, standardized reporting and translational research are required.

Preeclampsia (PE) is the onset of hypertension in pregnancy with systemic involvement; PE poses significant risks of cerebral complications, including eclampsia and long-term cognitive impairment. This review explores the potential of neurological biomarkers—neurofilament light chain (NfL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 Calcium Binding Protein B (S100B), and tau—as indicators of cerebral injury in PE. A literature search identified studies comparing biomarker levels in preeclamptic and healthy pregnancies. Findings reveal elevated plasma levels of NfL, NSE, S100B, and Tau in PE, with NfL showing the strongest association with blood–brain barrier dysfunction, cognitive symptoms, and disease severity. Variations between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels suggest impaired BBB integrity rather than increased central nervous system production. Despite promising correlations, limitations include small sample sizes, lack of standardized thresholds, and limited CSF data. While NfL emerges as a particularly promising marker for risk stratification, further research is needed to validate the clinical utility of these biomarkers in routine PE management.