To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in the population of San Juan Cosala, Jalisco, Mexico. A total of 277 samples from 104 participants were analysed using direct smear, flotation, formaldehyde/ethyl acetate, and modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stain methods. The Graham method was applied only for samples from children under 12 years of age for the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. The prevalence of parasite infections in the study population was 77.9% including: Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii/E. bangladeshi (37.5%), Giardia intestinalis (11.5%); commensals: Endolimax nana (44.2%), Entamoeba coli (27.9%), Chilomastix mesnili (6.7%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii, (2.9%); emerging intestinal protozoans: Blastocystis spp. (49%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.7%) and Cyclospora cayetanensis (2.9%); and helminths: Enterobius vermicularis (18.3%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.8%). The results also showed that 58.64% of the studied population presented polyparasitism. A significant association was found between protozoan infections and housewives, and houses that were not built with concrete ceilings, brick walls and cement floors (p < 0.05). Polyparasitism was observed in over half the study population. The most prevalent parasite was Blastocystis spp, whilst the prevalence of helminths was less than that of protozoans. The risk factors for infection to intestinal parasites were being a housewife and not having solid brick, cement and concrete materials for house construction.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite major advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, important therapeutic limitations persist, including systemic toxicity, therapeutic resistance, and poor drug penetration into hypoxic tumor regions. These challenges have renewed interest in alternative biological strategies, particularly the use of bacteria and bacterial toxins as antitumor agents. Certain bacterial species possess intrinsic tumor-targeting properties, including the ability to selectively colonize hypoxic and necrotic regions of solid tumors that are poorly accessible to conventional therapies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms underlying bacteria-mediated anticancer activity, including selective tumor colonization, direct oncolysis, immune activation, and toxin-mediated cytotoxicity. Both obligate anaerobes (e.g., Clostridium and Bifidobacterium) and facultative anaerobes (e.g., Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes) are examined for their tumor-targeting potential. In addition, we discuss the oncological applications of several bacterial toxins and toxin-derived therapeutic constructs, including Cytolysin A (ClyA), Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB), diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). Emerging strategies such as recombinant immunotoxins and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (BDEPT) are also reviewed. Finally, current translational challenges, including pharmacokinetic limitations, immune clearance, and biosafety considerations, are analyzed, highlighting future directions for integrating bacteria-based platforms into next-generation cancer therapies. This approach reflects the growing interest in microbial strategies for oncology and underscores the potential of bacteria and their toxins as innovative tools in the development of targeted anticancer therapies.

Fishery products represent a key source of essential nutrients and play a strategic role in global food security, particularly in the context of increasing demand and the rapid expansion of aquaculture. This review provides an integrated analysis of fish nutritional composition and the main challenges related to food safety, with emphasis on emerging microbiological risks under current environmental changes. Fish muscle is characterised by a high content of proteins of high biological value, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA), and essential micronutrients with high bioavailability. However, these properties also increase susceptibility to microbiological and oxidative spoilage, posing challenges for preservation and safety. Along the supply chain, fishery products are exposed to multiple contamination sources, including environmental chemicals and microorganisms from aquatic ecosystems and processing environments. Intrinsic factors such as pH and water activity, together with extrinsic conditions like temperature and handling, significantly influence microbial growth. Emerging pathogens such as Vibrio spp., alongside persistent pathogens including Listeria monocytogenes and opportunistic species such as Aeromonas spp., are of increasing concern. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance in aquatic environments represents a critical public health issue, highlighting the need for integrated control strategies based on surveillance and advanced monitoring tools.

Introduction: Hintonia latiflora (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock belongs to the family Rubiaceae. In Mexico, 41 common names have been documented for H. latiflora, the most frequent being canelilla, cáscara sagrada, copalchi, copalquín, palo amargo, quina, and quina amarilla (BDMTM, 2009). Vernacular names for this species in Central American countries remain unknown (Ocampo, 1994). Hintonia latiflora is widely used in traditional Mexican medicine for its hypoglycemic properties; however, scientific evidence regarding its potential as an antimicrobial agent remains limited (Beltrán-Rodríguez et al., 2015). Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves, stems, and flowers of H. latiflora against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. Methods: Methanolic extracts were obtained from plant material collected in Moyahua, Zacatecas, Mexico, using sonication-assisted maceration at a 1:3 (w/v) ratio. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method according to CLSI (2024) guidelines to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. Results: The highest extraction yield was obtained from flowers (21.40%), followed by leaves (16.37%) and stems (14.78%). The stem extract exhibited selective inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa (MIC: 0.34 mg/mL), whereas the leaf extract showed a broader spectrum of activity, inhibiting S. aureus (MIC: 0.85 mg/mL) and Salmonella spp. (MIC: 2.76 mg/mL). No detectable antibacterial activity was observed for the flower extract under the conditions evaluated. Conclusion: These findings support the antibacterial potential of H. latiflora and identify the leaf as the plant organ with the broadest spectrum of activity among those evaluated, suggesting an organ-specific distribution of bioactive metabolites.