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Chung-Chih Liu
The Teaching Centre of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsin-Chu County, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 07 August 2019 in Remote Sensing
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This study utilizes remote sensing imagery, a differential averaging technique and empirical formulas (the ‘Liou–Liu formulas’) to investigate three consecutive sets of dual-vortex interactions between four cyclonic events and their neighboring environmental air flows in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during the 2017 typhoon season. The investigation thereby deepens the current understanding of interactions involving multiple simultaneous/sequential cyclone systems. Triple interactions between Noru–Kulap–Nesat and Noru–Nesat–Haitung were analyzed using geosynchronous satellite infrared (IR1) and IR3 water vapor (WV) images. The differential averaging technique based on the normalized difference convection index (NDCI) operator and filter depicted differences and generated a new set of clarified NDCI images. During the first set of dual-vortex interactions, Typhoon Noru experienced an increase in intensity and a U-turn in its direction after being influenced by adjacent cooler air masses and air flows. Noru’s track change led to Fujiwhara-type rotation with Tropical Storm Kulap approaching from the opposite direction. Kulap weakened and merged with Noru, which tracked in a counter-clockwise loop. Thereafter, in spite of a distance of 2000–2500 km separating Typhoon Noru and newly-formed Typhoon Nesat, the influence of middle air flows and jet flows caused an ‘indirect interaction’ between these typhoons. Evidence of this second interaction includes the intensification of both typhoons and changing track directions. The third interaction occurred subsequently between Tropical Storm Haitang and Typhoon Nesat. Due to their relatively close proximity, a typical Fujiwhara effect was observed when the two systems began orbiting cyclonically. The generalized Liou–Liu formulas for calculating threshold distances between typhoons successfully validated and quantified the trilogy of interaction events. Through the unusual and combined effects of the consecutive dual-vortex interactions, Typhoon Noru survived 22 days from 19 July to 9 August 2017 and migrated approximately 6900 km. Typhoon Noru consequently became the third longest-lasting typhoon on record for the Northwest Pacific Ocean. A comparison is made with long-lived Typhoon Rita in 1972, which also experienced similar multiple Fujiwhara interactions with three other concurrent typhoons.

ACS Style

Yuei-An Liou; Ji-Chyun Liu; Chung-Chih Liu; Chun-Hsu Chen; Kim-Anh Nguyen; James P. Terry. Consecutive Dual-Vortex Interactions between Quadruple Typhoons Noru, Kulap, Nesat and Haitang during the 2017 North Pacific Typhoon Season. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1843 .

AMA Style

Yuei-An Liou, Ji-Chyun Liu, Chung-Chih Liu, Chun-Hsu Chen, Kim-Anh Nguyen, James P. Terry. Consecutive Dual-Vortex Interactions between Quadruple Typhoons Noru, Kulap, Nesat and Haitang during the 2017 North Pacific Typhoon Season. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (16):1843.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuei-An Liou; Ji-Chyun Liu; Chung-Chih Liu; Chun-Hsu Chen; Kim-Anh Nguyen; James P. Terry. 2019. "Consecutive Dual-Vortex Interactions between Quadruple Typhoons Noru, Kulap, Nesat and Haitang during the 2017 North Pacific Typhoon Season." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16: 1843.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2015 in Water
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This study quantitatively estimated the precipitation associated with a typhoon in the northwestern Pacific Ocean by using a physical algorithm which included the Weather Research and Forecasting model, Radiative Transfer for TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder model, and data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)/TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and TRMM/Precipitation Radar (PR). First, a prior probability distribution function (PDF) was constructed using over three million rain rate retrievals from the TRMM/PR data for the period 2002–2010 over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Subsequently, brightness temperatures for 15 typhoons that occurred over the northwestern Pacific Ocean were simulated using a microwave radiative transfer model and a conditional PDF was obtained for these typhoons. The aforementioned physical algorithm involved using a posterior PDF. A posterior PDF was obtained by combining the prior and conditional PDFs. Finally, the rain rate associated with a typhoon was estimated by inputting the observations of the TMI (attenuation indices at 10, 19, 37 GHz) into the posterior PDF (lookup table). Results based on rain rate retrievals indicated that rainband locations with the heaviest rainfall showed qualitatively similar horizontal distributions. The correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error of the rain rate estimation were 0.63 and 4.45 mm·h−1, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error for convective rainfall were 0.78 and 7.25 mm·h−1, respectively, and those for stratiform rainfall were 0.58 and 9.60 mm·h−1, respectively. The main contribution of this study is introducing an approach to quickly and accurately estimate the typhoon precipitation, and remove the need for complex calculations.

ACS Style

Nan-Ching Yeh; Chung-Chih Liu; Wann-Jin Chen. Estimation of Rainfall Associated with Typhoons over the Ocean Using TRMM/TMI and Numerical Models. Water 2015, 7, 6017 -6038.

AMA Style

Nan-Ching Yeh, Chung-Chih Liu, Wann-Jin Chen. Estimation of Rainfall Associated with Typhoons over the Ocean Using TRMM/TMI and Numerical Models. Water. 2015; 7 (11):6017-6038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nan-Ching Yeh; Chung-Chih Liu; Wann-Jin Chen. 2015. "Estimation of Rainfall Associated with Typhoons over the Ocean Using TRMM/TMI and Numerical Models." Water 7, no. 11: 6017-6038.

Articles
Published: 16 February 2015 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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An objective index was proposed to determine the intensity of typhoons in this study. This was achieved using an image edge processing technique to examine meaningful discontinuity characteristics and thereby calculate the gradient of brightness temperature in satellite infrared images. By taking the typhoon centre as a reference point, the angle between the position vector and the gradient vector was defined as the deviation angle. Following this definition, the probability density and standard deviation of the deviation angle may be derived. After creating a scale from 1 to 0 (0–1) to, respectively, represent the maximum and minimum values of the probability density (standard deviation), this research proposed a non-dimensional typhoon intensity (TI) index. Analysis results reveal a high accuracy when the TI index was used to objectively measure TI. The bias, average error, root mean square error, and R2 value reached 0.6, 3.5, 4.8 m s–1, and 0.89, respectively. Meanwhile, various evaluation parameters in assessing the forecasting skill were also employed, where a specific ‘yes’ and ‘no’ threshold for each typhoon stage was established. The ratio of the number of correct determination to the number of events for a specific typhoon stage was 0.74 (mild), 0.76 (moderate), and 0.89 (severe), respectively, for 557 infrared images of five validation typhoon cases in 2011. The results demonstrated that the TI index technique had good performance in assessing the TI even during typhoon stage changes.

ACS Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Chian-Yi Liu; Tang-Huang Lin; Liang-De Chen. A satellite-derived typhoon intensity index using a deviation angle technique. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2015, 36, 1216 -1234.

AMA Style

Chung-Chih Liu, Chian-Yi Liu, Tang-Huang Lin, Liang-De Chen. A satellite-derived typhoon intensity index using a deviation angle technique. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2015; 36 (4):1216-1234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Chian-Yi Liu; Tang-Huang Lin; Liang-De Chen. 2015. "A satellite-derived typhoon intensity index using a deviation angle technique." International Journal of Remote Sensing 36, no. 4: 1216-1234.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
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This study used the spectral features of the geostationary satellite infrared window channel and the water vapor channel data to calculate a new parameter, normalized difference convection index (NDCI), to help determine the overshooting areas in typhoon cloud systems and the centers and intensity of typhoons. The results showed that the two-dimensional NDCI analysis helped to identify typhoon convective cloud systems and the positions of overshooting areas. In addition, because the NDCI values near a typhoon eye were rather significant, if a typhoon eye was formed, the NDCI cross-section analysis could help to confirm its position. When the center of a typhoon was covered by the high anvils and cirrus layers, it could still be qualitatively found through two-dimensional analysis. As for determining the intensity of typhoons, this study also tried to perform correlation analyses with NDCI and maximum sustained wind speed. The result showed that in the ranges within circles of 200 to 250 km radii with a typhoon eye as the center, the correlation between the area with the NDCI values <0 and the maximum sustained wind speed is high with a coefficient 0.7. Thus, the NDCI value could be a referential index to determine the intensity of a typhoon.

ACS Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Tian-Yow Shyu; Tang-Huang Lin; Chian-Yi Liu. Satellite-derived normalized difference convection index for typhoon observations. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 2015, 9, 096074 -096074.

AMA Style

Chung-Chih Liu, Tian-Yow Shyu, Tang-Huang Lin, Chian-Yi Liu. Satellite-derived normalized difference convection index for typhoon observations. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing. 2015; 9 (1):096074-096074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Tian-Yow Shyu; Tang-Huang Lin; Chian-Yi Liu. 2015. "Satellite-derived normalized difference convection index for typhoon observations." Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 9, no. 1: 096074-096074.

Original articles
Published: 10 July 2012 in International Journal of Remote Sensing
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Due to rapid technological improvements, it has become easy to acquire remote-sensing images. Therefore, mapping through remote sensing has become convenient and readily available, which saves time and resources. Nevertheless, some key steps need to be performed during the mapping process, including line generalization and smoothing. The former involves retaining the key characteristics of the original map, whereas the latter removes any unnecessary points; both procedures improve the quality of the final map. Many different theoretical and methodological approaches to smoothing and generalization have been proposed by researchers. In this study, we used the Douglas–Peucker method and Topfer and Pillewizer's law to obtain the optimum threshold length. To achieve this threshold, the following were carried out: (1) small-scale line generalization and (2) line generalization by an intermediate map scale transform. From the line generalization and smoothing process, a boundary line map of Little Okinawa Island was subsequently produced. The results of our study may serve as a valuable tool for future remote-sensing mapping tasks.

ACS Style

Tian-Yow Shyu; Hui-Chung Yeh; Chung-Chih Liu. Mapping of a boundary line from remote sensing: an applied case study on Little Okinawa Island. International Journal of Remote Sensing 2012, 33, 7599 -7608.

AMA Style

Tian-Yow Shyu, Hui-Chung Yeh, Chung-Chih Liu. Mapping of a boundary line from remote sensing: an applied case study on Little Okinawa Island. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2012; 33 (23):7599-7608.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian-Yow Shyu; Hui-Chung Yeh; Chung-Chih Liu. 2012. "Mapping of a boundary line from remote sensing: an applied case study on Little Okinawa Island." International Journal of Remote Sensing 33, no. 23: 7599-7608.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in International Journal of Environmental Science and Development
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ACS Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Liang-De Chen. An Objective Infrared Imagery Analysis for Typhoon Jangmi. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 2012, 220 -222.

AMA Style

Chung-Chih Liu, Liang-De Chen. An Objective Infrared Imagery Analysis for Typhoon Jangmi. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development. 2012; ():220-222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung-Chih Liu; Liang-De Chen. 2012. "An Objective Infrared Imagery Analysis for Typhoon Jangmi." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development , no. : 220-222.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2009 in Weather and Forecasting
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The tropical rainfall potential (TRaP) technique is a simple concept that serves as a useful tool for forecasters in predicting the accumulated rainfall from typhoons. This research seeks to propose an algorithm for improving the accuracy of the results retrieved from the TRaP technique by taking into account the terrain’s influence on a typhoon’s rainfall pattern over Taiwan. The climatological percentages of the accumulated rainfall in Taiwan for six different typhoon tracks were established via statistical methods. By using the rainfall percentages with the original TRaP technique, results showed that the original TRaP technique could retrieve a graphical representation of the accumulated rainfall from typhoons for both oceans and flat land areas. When factoring in Taiwan’s terrain, the accuracy in a typhoon’s accumulated rainfall estimation is seen to further improve.

ACS Style

Chung-Chih Liu. The Influence of Terrain on the Tropical Rainfall Potential Technique in Taiwan. Weather and Forecasting 2009, 24, 785 -799.

AMA Style

Chung-Chih Liu. The Influence of Terrain on the Tropical Rainfall Potential Technique in Taiwan. Weather and Forecasting. 2009; 24 (3):785-799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung-Chih Liu. 2009. "The Influence of Terrain on the Tropical Rainfall Potential Technique in Taiwan." Weather and Forecasting 24, no. 3: 785-799.