Solar energy is directly converted into electrical energy by using photovoltaic (PV) panels. The efficiency of PV panel varies with its orientation and tilt angle with the horizontal plane. In this paper, we investigate the optimum tilt angle of solar panels installed at Sukkur IBA University. The optimum angle for tilted surfaces varying from 0° to 90° in steps of 1° was calculated for the values of which the daily total solar radiation was maximum for a specific period. It was found that the optimum tilt angle changed between 0° and 61.1° throughout the year in Sukkur IBA University, Sindh Pakistan ( N, E). For calculating irradiance, optimal fixed (15 and 29.5 degrees) and variable tilt angles are used for every month of year 2019. The irradiance calculated at 15 degrees tilt angle is compared with the fixed angle of 29.5 and variable angles. It was found that optimal tilt angle for the region of Sukkur located in northern Pakistan is to be 29.5 degrees.

Photovoltaic technology mainly uses beam, diffused, and reflected solar radiation to produce power. To increase the photovoltaic power output, the surface of the solar panel must be at the optimal tilt angle. In this paper, a numerical study is carried out to investigate the optimal tilt angle for a 1 MW PV system installed at Sukkur IBA University (latitude = 27.7268° N, longitude = 68.8191° E). Moreover, power output, efficiency, and fill factor are calculated for polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels. Results obtained at different tilt angles are used to compare the solar gain from photovoltaic modules installed at the university. In conclusion, an optimal tilt angle is decided for both polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels used at Sukkur IBA University. It was found that the optimal tilt angle for the installed 1 MW systems is 29.5 degrees.

Apparent mass measurements at the bottom of silos have been carried out. An important parameter in the Janssen model known as the effective screening length has been investigated for different bead and silo diameters as well as of their ratios. It is found that the effective screening length augments with the grain diameter d in addition to the granular column size. It is also revealed that λ exhibits stronger correlation with the bead diameter than that of the silo. This phenomenon is attributed to the reduced-shielding of the vertical stresses to the horizontal ones.

In this paper we have investigated the fundamental properties of the solutions of Maxwell’s equations describing free electromagnetic waves in stationary anisotropic media, with tensor characteristics along the Z axis. A matrix of coefficients, the structure of the matrix of Maxwell’s equations, dispersion equations and indicatrix curves for a transparent anisotropic one-dimensional inhomogeneous conductive medium have been obtained. Exact analytical solutions in case of homogeneous anisotropic media are constructed on the basis of the matrix structure.

The thermoelastic wave propagation in a tetragonal syngony anisotropic medium of classes 4, 4/m having heterogeneity along z axis has been investigated by employing matrizant method. This medium has an axis of second-order symmetry parallel to z axis. In the case of the fourth-order matrix coefficients, the problems of wave refraction and reflection on the interface of homogeneous anisotropic thermoelastic mediums are solved analytically.

The investigation of thermoelastic wave propagation in elastic media is bound to have much influence in the fields of material science, geophysics, seismology, and so on. The heat conduction equations and bound equations of motions differ by the difficulty level and presence of many physical and mechanical parameters in them. Therefore thermoelasticity is being extensively studied and developed. In this paper by using analytical matrizant method set of equation of motions in elastic media are reduced to equivalent set of first-order differential equations. Moreover, for given set of equations, the structure of fundamental solutions for the general case has been derived and also dispersion relations are obtained.