Photovoltaic technology mainly uses beam, diffused, and reflected solar radiation to produce power. To increase the photovoltaic power output, the surface of the solar panel must be at the optimal tilt angle. In this paper, a numerical study is carried out to investigate the optimal tilt angle for a 1 MW PV system installed at Sukkur IBA University (latitude = 27.7268° N, longitude = 68.8191° E). Moreover, power output, efficiency, and fill factor are calculated for polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels. Results obtained at different tilt angles are used to compare the solar gain from photovoltaic modules installed at the university. In conclusion, an optimal tilt angle is decided for both polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels used at Sukkur IBA University. It was found that the optimal tilt angle for the installed 1 MW systems is 29.5 degrees.

Solar energy exploitation through photovoltaic technology has demonstrated a sustainable way for curbing energy needs and cutting environmental issues happening due to emissions of carbon dioxide, CO₂ from the usage of non-renewable energy resources. The purpose of this study was to reduce metallization by choosing optimal metallization on silicon photovoltaic wafer. Using numerical study, the effects of the number of busbars, fingers, and soldering/probe points were analyzed and also the study of the size of busbar and finger was carried out to find the optimal value for each which assures better performance. It is revealed that increasing the number and size of busbars, fingers, and probe points result in increasing fill factor, however, the efficiency of the device is limited to a number which provides the best optimal performance in terms of efficiency, whereas increasing the size (width) of the parameter result in a decrease in efficiency increasing shading factor. The optimal value of prescribed parameters was recorded as 4, 82, and 20 numbers of busbars, fingers, and probe points, respectively, while an optimal value of the width of busbar and finger is found as 0.5 mm and 60 µm, respectively. These values attained efficiency and fill factor above 20% and 80%, respectively. This study finds a realistic method to further diminish the metallization, improve the performance, and reduce the cost of often used industrial silicon photovoltaic cells.