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Qiancheng Xie
Fluid and Experimental Mechanics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden

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Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Scientific Reports
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The impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River begins in 2003 and a full pool level is first attained in 2010. This process leads to reciprocal adjustments in flow discharge, sediment transport and morphology downstream of the dam. Based on 26-year recorded hydrologic data 1990–2015 and surveyed bathymetries 1998, 2010 and 2015, this study elucidates, before and after the commissioning of the dam, the alterations along the 500-km reach of the river. Two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to predict future morphological changes by 2025. The analyses demonstrate that the impoundment modulates the seasonal flow discharges and traps an appreciable amount of sediment, resulting in enhanced erosion potential and coarsening of sediment. On a multi-year basis, the maximum discharge varies by a factor of 1.3 and the corresponding suspended load concentration and transport rate differ by a factor of 3.0 and 3.8, respectively. Combinations of surveyed and simulated bathymetries reveal its morphological responses to the changes. A general pattern of erosion is observed along the reach. In its upper 120 km, the process slows down towards 2025. In the middle 200 km, the erosion shifts, following the gradual impounding, to slight deposition, which then shifts back to erosion around September 2018. In the final 180 km, erosion continues without any sign of de-escalation, which is presumedly ascribed to tidal actions. The reach has not yet achieved a hydro-morphological equilibrium; the riverbed down-cutting is supposed to continue for a while. The combination of the field and numerical investigations provides, with the elapse of time, insight into the morpho-dynamics in the 500 km river reach.

ACS Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. Sediment and morphological changes along Yangtze River’s 500 km between Datong and Xuliujing before and after Three Gorges Dam commissioning. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Qiancheng Xie, James Yang, T. Staffan Lundström. Sediment and morphological changes along Yangtze River’s 500 km between Datong and Xuliujing before and after Three Gorges Dam commissioning. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. 2021. "Sediment and morphological changes along Yangtze River’s 500 km between Datong and Xuliujing before and after Three Gorges Dam commissioning." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Journal of Hydrology
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Turbulent structures generated by vegetation patches play a dominant role in the dispersion of suspended sediment, which in turn is of great significance for ecosystem cycling and river geomorphology development. High fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with the Discrete Phase Method (DPM) were used to explore the particle distribution and its variance (the non-uniformity in temporal and spatial space) in a partially vegetated straight channel. The novel findings and conclusions are outlined here. Firstly, the contour of the vertical vorticity component coincides well with particle preferential gatherings in the outer edge of the mixing layer in the near-bed region. Large-scale turbulent structures grow in mixing layer along the side of a vegetation patch (VP), which deplete particles away from the mixing layer into the neighbouring region. Also, higher vegetation densities (Dn) promote this depletion trend. Secondly, the Probability Density Function (PDF) and its variance were defined to quantify these phenomena, illustrating that the VP continuously interrupts the flow condition and promotes higher non-uniformity of particle distribution among the vegetated and non-vegetated regions. The variance of the PDF in the non-vegetated region is significantly higher than that in the neighbouring vegetated region located in the same streamwise location. The particle parcels are highly unevenly located along the periphery of the large eddies and are exchanged by the mixing flow between the non-vegetated and vegetated regions. Finally, the vertical entrainment of particles occurs in the vegetated region of the present cases. This is because the horseshoe structures provide an upwards velocity for the current Dn conditions (Dn < 0.1) and an increase of Dn (Dn < 0.1) accelerates the upward suspension. These findings complete our understanding of particles’ transportation in both spanwise and vertical directions.

ACS Style

Mingyang Wang; Eldad Avital; Qingsheng Chen; John Williams; Shuo Mi; Qiancheng Xie. A numerical study on suspended sediment transport in a partially vegetated channel flow. Journal of Hydrology 2021, 599, 126335 .

AMA Style

Mingyang Wang, Eldad Avital, Qingsheng Chen, John Williams, Shuo Mi, Qiancheng Xie. A numerical study on suspended sediment transport in a partially vegetated channel flow. Journal of Hydrology. 2021; 599 ():126335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingyang Wang; Eldad Avital; Qingsheng Chen; John Williams; Shuo Mi; Qiancheng Xie. 2021. "A numerical study on suspended sediment transport in a partially vegetated channel flow." Journal of Hydrology 599, no. : 126335.

Research article
Published: 13 August 2020 in River Research and Applications
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A diffluence‐confluence unit is an elementary component within a river system and presents a complex yet linked pattern of both flow and sediment transport in between. This study deals, by means of field investigations and numerical modelling, with morpho‐dynamics of such a unit on the lower Yangtze River reaches. The unit comprises, looking downstream, a secondary (left) course and a main (right) course. Field surveys are performed for measurements of flow discharge, sediment loads at selected locations and river bathymetry at certain intervals. The field data show that the reach is mainly composed of suspended load, whose amount exhibits a declining trend with the elapse of time. Simulations in 3D are made to complement the field data and clarify the basic features of the unit, especially the partitioning of flow and suspended sediment in the diffluence and their subsequent reciprocal adjustment in the confluence. The results indicate that approach flow variations have a bearing on the diffluence flow partition. To augment flow discharge in the left branch, a training wall is devised in the diffluence to modify the intake flow. Secondary flow structures are found to be more influenced by the thalweg curvature than the flow division. The “inlet step” or differential topography contributes to the unequal flow division. In the confluence, a two‐cell flow structure coexists, which may diminish along with the dynamical adjustment of the two waters. The classical bed discordance is also observed. With the typical flow and sediment features, the main course is prone to slight erosion, while the secondary branch faces up with gradual siltation. These findings contribute to the understanding of the alluvial behaviours of such units, and provide reference for studies in similar situations and river management.

ACS Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. Flow and sediment behaviours and morpho‐dynamics of a diffluence−Confluence unit. River Research and Applications 2020, 36, 1 .

AMA Style

Qiancheng Xie, James Yang, T. Staffan Lundström. Flow and sediment behaviours and morpho‐dynamics of a diffluence−Confluence unit. River Research and Applications. 2020; 36 (8):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. 2020. "Flow and sediment behaviours and morpho‐dynamics of a diffluence−Confluence unit." River Research and Applications 36, no. 8: 1.

Review
Published: 07 August 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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River confluences are the key features of the drainage basins, as their hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological nature strongly influences the downstream river characteristics. The river reaches near the coastal zones, which also makes them under the influence of tidal currents in addition to their runoff. This causes a bi-directional flow and makes the study of confluences more interesting and complex in these areas. There is a reciprocal adjustment of flow, sediment, and morphology at a confluence, and its behaviors, differ greatly in tidal and non-tidal environments. Existing studies of the river junctions provide a good account of information about the hydrodynamics and bed morphology of the confluent areas, especially the unidirectional ones. The main factors which affect the flow field include the angle of confluence, flow-related ratios (velocity, discharge, and momentum) of the merging streams, and bed discordance. Hydraulically, six notable zones are identified for unidirectional confluences. However, for bi-directional (tidal) junctions, hydrodynamic zones always remain in transition but repeat in a cycle and make four different arrangements of flow features. This study discusses the hydrodynamics, sediment transport, morphological changes, and the factors affecting these processes and reviews the recent research about the confluences for these issues. All of these studies provide insights into the morpho-dynamics in tidal and non-tidal confluent areas.

ACS Style

Ahmed Bilal; Qiancheng Xie; Yanyan Zhai. Flow, Sediment, and Morpho-Dynamics of River Confluence in Tidal and Non-Tidal Environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 591 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Bilal, Qiancheng Xie, Yanyan Zhai. Flow, Sediment, and Morpho-Dynamics of River Confluence in Tidal and Non-Tidal Environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (8):591.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Bilal; Qiancheng Xie; Yanyan Zhai. 2020. "Flow, Sediment, and Morpho-Dynamics of River Confluence in Tidal and Non-Tidal Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8: 591.

Technical note
Published: 24 July 2020 in Water
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For safe spillway discharge of floods, attention is paid to the water flow. The resulting air flow inside the facility, an issue of personnel security, is sometimes disregarded. The spillway in question comprises two surface gates and two bottom outlet gates lying right below. Air passages to the outlet gates include an original gallery and a recently constructed vertical shaft. To understand water-air flow behavior, 3D CFD modelling is performed in combination with the physical model tests. The simulations are made with fully opened radial gates and at the full pool water level (FPWL). The results show that the operation of only the bottom outlets leads to an air supply amounting to ~57 m3/s, with the air flow rates 35 and 22 m3/s to the left and right outlets. The air supply to the right outlet comes from both the shaft and the gallery. The averaged air velocity in the shaft and the gallery are approximately 5 and 7 m/s. If only the surface gates are fully open, the water jet impinges upon the canal bottom, which encloses the air space leading to the bottom outlets; the air flow rate fluctuates about zero. If all the four gates are open, the total air demand is limited to ~10 m3/s, which is mainly attributable to the shear action of the meeting jets downstream. The air demand differs significantly among the flow cases. It is not the simultaneous discharge of all openings that results in the largest air demand. The flood release from only the two outlets is the most critical situation for the operation of the facility. The findings should provide reference for spillways with the same or similar layout.

ACS Style

James Yang; Penghua Teng; Qiancheng Xie; Shicheng Li. Understanding Water Flows and Air Venting Features of Spillway—A Case Study. Water 2020, 12, 2106 .

AMA Style

James Yang, Penghua Teng, Qiancheng Xie, Shicheng Li. Understanding Water Flows and Air Venting Features of Spillway—A Case Study. Water. 2020; 12 (8):2106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Yang; Penghua Teng; Qiancheng Xie; Shicheng Li. 2020. "Understanding Water Flows and Air Venting Features of Spillway—A Case Study." Water 12, no. 8: 2106.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Water
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A stop-log gate, installed in water intake of hydropower project, has become an effective facility in achieving selective withdrawal and temperature control for the sake of benefiting downstream ecosystems. Hence, it is of great importance to comprehensively explore the water intake hydraulics with the gate, not limited to some specific case studies. This study deals, through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, with flow features of such a gate-functioned intake. The physical model test is used to validate the numerical simulation. Subsequently, a series of numerical cases considering different hydraulic and geometric conditions are performed to help look into the behaviors. Particular attention is paid to the flow regimes, head loss and flow velocity distributions. The results showcase the effect of the gate on the intake flow regime, and in terms of head loss and flow velocity distribution, the influences of the upstream water head, intake chamber width and withdrawal depth are revealed in detail. An empirical expression, with regard to the coefficient of head loss, is derived and validated by data from the available literature. Moreover, it is found that the maximum velocity at trash rack section is dependent exclusively on the relative withdrawal depth and always occurs at a certain height range above the gate. These results may provide a meaningful reference for the research of water intake with similar situations.

ACS Style

Weichen Ren; Jie Wei; Qiancheng Xie; Baoguang Miao; Lijie Wang. Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulics in Water Intake with Stop-Log Gate. Water 2020, 12, 1788 .

AMA Style

Weichen Ren, Jie Wei, Qiancheng Xie, Baoguang Miao, Lijie Wang. Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulics in Water Intake with Stop-Log Gate. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weichen Ren; Jie Wei; Qiancheng Xie; Baoguang Miao; Lijie Wang. 2020. "Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Hydraulics in Water Intake with Stop-Log Gate." Water 12, no. 6: 1788.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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In a coastal environment, this paper investigated the formation process and the cumulative shape of subaqueous mounds formed by hopper dredged discharges. Hydrological observations and field tests were performed to examine the flow features and ultimately generated morphology characteristics. A high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) was established by multi-beam depth sweeping (MBDS) in the experiment. Particular attention was paid to the formation of the mounds, the three-dimensional shape and the influence factors. The field measurements showed that the mounds were roughly symmetrical in space, and the tidal current, though of weak strength, played a certain role in shaping the profiles. Cone and volcanic cone mound tops were observed, featuring the main top shapes. The height and covered area of the mounds were proportional to the amount of dumped sediment, and they were also affected a lot by the water depth. The results of superimposed tests showed that the second placement over the existing mound resulted in a similar overall shape, but there was pronounced movement around the mound; additional discharged volumes at the same location mainly increased the mound height. The field tests provided a reference for understanding the sediment dumping in other similar coastal areas.

ACS Style

Wenhong Dai; Wei Ding; Chuanteng Lu; Xiaofeng Luo; Qiancheng Xie. Field Investigations of Underwater Mounds Formed by Hopper Dredge Discharges in a Coastal Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Wenhong Dai, Wei Ding, Chuanteng Lu, Xiaofeng Luo, Qiancheng Xie. Field Investigations of Underwater Mounds Formed by Hopper Dredge Discharges in a Coastal Environment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenhong Dai; Wei Ding; Chuanteng Lu; Xiaofeng Luo; Qiancheng Xie. 2020. "Field Investigations of Underwater Mounds Formed by Hopper Dredge Discharges in a Coastal Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2019 in Journal of Coastal Research
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Dai, W.; Bilal, A.; Xie, Q.; Ahmad, I., and Joshi, I., 2020. Numerical modeling for hydrodynamics and near-surface flow patterns of a tidal confluence. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(2), 295–312. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Because of the flow influx of tributaries, a confluence forms a unique environment carrying interesting hydrodynamic features and other attributes. The understanding of flow behavior here is important, particularly if it is on a tidally influenced channel in a harbor metropolitan. Because of communal requirements, there is a possibility of building wading structures, which may interplay with the flow in this zone. The knowledge of unidirectional river or flume confluences so far is not readily applicable for similar features in channels near coastal areas that have tidal flow in addition to river runoff. In this study, a tidal confluence that has a highly dynamic bidirectional flow is investigated. Near-surface flow patterns in a tidal cycle are simulated by using a numerical model. A field survey provides the bathymetry, time-series boundary conditions, and corresponding verification data. Good agreement is reached between calculated and measured results. Based on the condition of tidal current, four scenarios are selected for which confluence flow patterns are observed, both spatially and temporally. The results indicate that at least one recirculation is always in the tidal confluence for all flow conditions, which rotates counterclockwise for the ebb flow and clockwise for the flood flow. In addition, there is no absolute slack water condition at the tidal junction in the study area. The study also finds that the flows of all three connected channels at the confluence change in a looped pattern with respect to one another. Furthermore, the study reports unique relationships among the ratios of different flows.

ACS Style

Wenhong Dai; Ahmed Bilal; Qiancheng Xie; Ijaz Ahmad; Ishwar Joshi. Numerical Modeling for Hydrodynamics and Near-Surface Flow Patterns of a Tidal Confluence. Journal of Coastal Research 2019, 36, 295 -312.

AMA Style

Wenhong Dai, Ahmed Bilal, Qiancheng Xie, Ijaz Ahmad, Ishwar Joshi. Numerical Modeling for Hydrodynamics and Near-Surface Flow Patterns of a Tidal Confluence. Journal of Coastal Research. 2019; 36 (2):295-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenhong Dai; Ahmed Bilal; Qiancheng Xie; Ijaz Ahmad; Ishwar Joshi. 2019. "Numerical Modeling for Hydrodynamics and Near-Surface Flow Patterns of a Tidal Confluence." Journal of Coastal Research 36, no. 2: 295-312.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2019 in Fluids
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Meandering is a common feature in natural alluvial streams. This study deals with alluvial behaviors of a meander reach subjected to both fresh-water flow and strong tides from the coast. Field measurements are carried out to obtain flow and sediment data. Approximately 95% of the sediment in the river is suspended load of silt and clay. The results indicate that, due to the tidal currents, the flow velocity and sediment concentration are always out of phase with each other. The cross-sectional asymmetry and bi-directional flow result in higher sediment concentration along inner banks than along outer banks of the main stream. For a given location, the near-bed concentration is 2−5 times the surface value. Based on Froude number, a sediment carrying capacity formula is derived for the flood and ebb tides. The tidal flow stirs the sediment and modifies its concentration and transport. A 3D hydrodynamic model of flow and suspended sediment transport is established to compute the flow patterns and morphology changes. Cross-sectional currents, bed shear stress and erosion-deposition patterns are discussed. The flow in cross-section exhibits significant stratification and even an opposite flow direction during the tidal rise and fall; the vertical velocity profile deviates from the logarithmic distribution. During the flow reversal between flood and ebb tides, sediment deposits, which is affected by slack-water durations. The bed deformation is dependent on the meander asymmetry and the interaction between the fresh water flow and tides. The flood tides are attributable to the deposition, while the ebb tides, together with run-offs, lead to slight erosion. The flood tides play a key role in the morphodynamic changes of the meander reach.

ACS Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. Field Studies and 3D Modelling of Morphodynamics in a Meandering River Reach Dominated by Tides and Suspended Load. Fluids 2019, 4, 15 .

AMA Style

Qiancheng Xie, James Yang, T. Staffan Lundström. Field Studies and 3D Modelling of Morphodynamics in a Meandering River Reach Dominated by Tides and Suspended Load. Fluids. 2019; 4 (1):15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; T. Staffan Lundström. 2019. "Field Studies and 3D Modelling of Morphodynamics in a Meandering River Reach Dominated by Tides and Suspended Load." Fluids 4, no. 1: 15.

Review
Published: 13 January 2019 in Fluids
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Most of the hydropower dams in Sweden were built before 1980. The present dam-safety guidelines have resulted in higher design floods than their spillway discharge capacity and the need for structural upgrades. This has led to renewed laboratory model tests. For some dams, even computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed. This provides the possibility to compare the spillway discharge data between the model tests performed a few decades apart. The paper presents the hydropower development, the needs for the ongoing dam rehabilitations and the history of physical hydraulic modeling in Sweden. More than 20 spillways, both surface and bottom types, are analyzed to evaluate their discharge modeling accuracy. The past and present model tests are compared with each other and with the CFD results if available. Discrepancies do exist in the discharges between the model tests made a few decades apart. The differences fall within the range −8.3%–+11.2%. The reasons for the discrepancies are sought from several aspects. The primary source of the errors is seemingly the model construction quality and flow measurement method. The machine milling technique and 3D printing reduce the source of construction errors and improve the model quality. Results of the CFD simulations differ, at the maximum, by 3.8% from the physical tests. They are conducted without knowledge of the physical model results in advance. Following the best practice guidelines, CFD should generate results of decent accuracy for discharge prediction.

ACS Style

James Yang; Patrik Andreasson; Penghua Teng; Qiancheng Xie. The Past and Present of Discharge Capacity Modeling for Spillways—A Swedish Perspective. Fluids 2019, 4, 10 .

AMA Style

James Yang, Patrik Andreasson, Penghua Teng, Qiancheng Xie. The Past and Present of Discharge Capacity Modeling for Spillways—A Swedish Perspective. Fluids. 2019; 4 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Yang; Patrik Andreasson; Penghua Teng; Qiancheng Xie. 2019. "The Past and Present of Discharge Capacity Modeling for Spillways—A Swedish Perspective." Fluids 4, no. 1: 10.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Water
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A confluence is a natural component in river and channel networks. This study deals, through field and numerical studies, with alluvial behaviors of a confluence affected by both river run-off and strong tides. Field measurements were conducted along the rivers including the confluence. Field data show that the changes in flow velocity and sediment concentration are not always in phase with each other. The concentration shows a general trend of decrease from the river mouth to the confluence. For a given location, the tides affect both the sediment concentration and transport. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of suspended load was set up to illustrate the combined effects of run-off and tidal flows. Modeled cases included the flood and ebb tides in a wet season. Typical features examined included tidal flow fields, bed shear stress, and scour evolution in the confluence. The confluence migration pattern of scour is dependent on the interaction between the river currents and tidal flows. The flood tides are attributable to the suspended load deposition in the confluence, while the ebb tides in combination with run-offs lead to erosion. The flood tides play a dominant role in the morphodynamic changes of the confluence.

ACS Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; Staffan Lundström; Wenhong Dai. Understanding Morphodynamic Changes of a Tidal River Confluence through Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling. Water 2018, 10, 1424 .

AMA Style

Qiancheng Xie, James Yang, Staffan Lundström, Wenhong Dai. Understanding Morphodynamic Changes of a Tidal River Confluence through Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling. Water. 2018; 10 (10):1424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiancheng Xie; James Yang; Staffan Lundström; Wenhong Dai. 2018. "Understanding Morphodynamic Changes of a Tidal River Confluence through Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling." Water 10, no. 10: 1424.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering
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ACS Style

Yanyan Zhai; Jisheng Zhang; Lai Jiang; Qiancheng Xie; Hao Chen. Experimental Study of Wave Motion and Pore Pressure Around a Submerged Impermeable Breakwater in a Sandy Seabed. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 2018, 28, 87 -95.

AMA Style

Yanyan Zhai, Jisheng Zhang, Lai Jiang, Qiancheng Xie, Hao Chen. Experimental Study of Wave Motion and Pore Pressure Around a Submerged Impermeable Breakwater in a Sandy Seabed. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering. 2018; 28 (1):87-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanyan Zhai; Jisheng Zhang; Lai Jiang; Qiancheng Xie; Hao Chen. 2018. "Experimental Study of Wave Motion and Pore Pressure Around a Submerged Impermeable Breakwater in a Sandy Seabed." International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 28, no. 1: 87-95.

Research article
Published: 06 April 2017 in PLOS ONE
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Sediment-dynamics modeling is a useful tool for estimating a dam's lifespan and its cost-benefit analysis. Collecting real data for sediment-dynamics analysis from conventional field survey methods is both tedious and expensive. Therefore, for most rivers, the historical record of data is either missing or not very detailed. Available data and existing tools have much potential and may be used for qualitative prediction of future bathymetric change trend. This study shows that proxy approaches may be used to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of flow data, and hypothesize the river cross-sections and sediment data. Sediment-dynamics analysis of the reach of the Tenryu River upstream of Sakuma Dam in Japan was performed to predict its future bathymetric changes using a 1D numerical model (HEC-RAS). In this case study, only annually-averaged flow data and the river's longitudinal bed profile at 5-year intervals were available. Therefore, the other required data, including river cross-section and geometry and sediment inflow grain sizes, had to be hypothesized or assimilated indirectly. The model yielded a good qualitative agreement, with an R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.8 for the observed and simulated bed profiles. A predictive simulation demonstrated that the useful life of the dam would end after the year 2035 (±5 years), which is in conformity with initial detailed estimates. The study indicates that a sediment-dynamic analysis can be performed even with a limited amount of data. However, such studies may only assess the qualitative trends of sediment dynamics.

ACS Style

Ahmed Bilal; Wenhong Dai; Magnus Larson; Qaid Naamo Beebo; Qiancheng Xie. Qualitative simulation of bathymetric changes due to reservoir sedimentation: A Japanese case study. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0174931 .

AMA Style

Ahmed Bilal, Wenhong Dai, Magnus Larson, Qaid Naamo Beebo, Qiancheng Xie. Qualitative simulation of bathymetric changes due to reservoir sedimentation: A Japanese case study. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (4):e0174931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Bilal; Wenhong Dai; Magnus Larson; Qaid Naamo Beebo; Qiancheng Xie. 2017. "Qualitative simulation of bathymetric changes due to reservoir sedimentation: A Japanese case study." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4: e0174931.