Precision medicine, which relies on genomic, multi-omic, phenotypic, and environmental data, has the potential to transform healthcare from population-focused heuristics to individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Moreover, recent advances in sequencing, molecular profiles, wearable sensors, and machine learning have created opportunities for rapid translational innovation: rapid genomic diagnosis in neonatal and paediatric rare diseases, targeted oncology, pharmacogenomic-based prescribing strategies, and individual sport performance. Nevertheless, the vast majority of innovations remain in centers of specialism or pilot programs, rather than routinely or equitably integrated into clinical or athletic practice. This narrative review synthesizes translational evidence across the life course—in pregnancy, paediatrics, adult medicine, geriatrics, and sportomics—to find reproducible clinical and performance examples which enable precision-based alternative approaches to management, outcome, or preparation; and to reshape those examples into pragmatic, scalable priorities which minimize inequity, and maximize benefit. We undertook a structured narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, trials, clinician translation programs, implementation studies, and sportomics reports, prioritizing examples that demonstrate utility, reproducibility, and impact. Important findings suggest that multi-omics and rapid sequencing improve diagnostic yield and time to diagnosis. Molecular profiling and circulating tumor DNA help realize adaptive treatment selection. Integrated genomics, metabolomics, wearable physiology, and AI analytics facilitate individualized training, injury-risk stratification, and recovery optimization. But systematic value is limited by insufficient representative validation, dataset bias, poor interoperability, regulatory uncertainty, workforce preparedness, and inequities of access. Converting a promise into population- and performance-level value requires coordinated action across four fronts: representative validation; interoperable, privacy-preserving infrastructures; clinician- and coach-centered implementation; and templates for scalable, cost-sensitive deployment.

Polymers are fundamental components of modern pharmaceutical manufacturing, serving critical roles as excipients, binders, coatings, and matrices for controlled drug delivery systems. However, the conventional production of pharmaceutical polymers relies heavily on petrochemical feedstocks, energy-intensive processes, and hazardous solvents, leading to significant environmental and economic burdens. In recent years, increasing regulatory pressure, environmental awareness, and sustainability goals have driven the pharmaceutical industry toward greener manufacturing strategies. This review critically examines sustainable green polymer production for pharmaceutical applications, with a focus on both environmental and economic impacts. The review discusses the role of polymers in pharmaceutical manufacturing, outlines the limitations of conventional polymer synthesis, and highlights the relevance of green chemistry principles in addressing these challenges. Key green polymer synthesis techniques, including biopolymer production, enzymatic polymerization, microwave-assisted synthesis, supercritical CO₂ processing, and the use of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, are systematically evaluated. Additionally, life-cycle assessment (LCA) approaches are explored to assess the environmental performance of green polymer processes in comparison with traditional methods. Beyond environmental sustainability, this review emphasizes the importance of pharmacoeconomic evaluation in determining the feasibility of adopting green polymers at an industrial scale. Cost–benefit analyses, manufacturing cost comparisons, long-term economic advantages, and health–economic outcomes are discussed in the context of pharmaceutical supply chains. Regulatory perspectives, industrial implementation challenges, and future directions are also addressed. Overall, this review highlights sustainable polymer innovation as a critical pathway toward environmentally responsible, economically viable, and future-ready pharmaceutical manufacturing.

As demand for clean fuels increases, there is growing interest in catalytic technologies that combine the functional properties of enzymes with the robustness and flexibility of nanomaterials. Nevertheless, the term “nanozyme” is often used to describe nanoscale heterogeneous catalysts and electrocatalysts regardless of proof of enzyme-like activity, which complicates understanding of renewable-energy technology development. This review discusses the difference between nanozymes and conventional nanocatalysts using common criteria of structure, kinetics, and mechanisms, and provides the methodology for substituting enzymes with nanozymes for renewable fuels. The relevant catalytic systems are classified based on the natural enzymes they imitate, including hydrogenase-like nanozymes for production of hydrogen, laccase-like nanozymes used as cathodes of biofuel cells, hydrolase- and cellulase-like nanozymes for biomass saccharification, formate dehydrogenase-like nanozymes for the conversion of carbon dioxide to formate, and carbonic anhydrase-like nanozymes for hydration and capture of CO₂. In contrast, only nanoscale materials with features such as defect-mediated activity, surface adsorption, or electron-transfer enhancement are relevant to conventional catalysts unless other evidence simulating enzymatic processes has been presented. Enzymatic features, including enzyme-inspired coordination sites, enzyme-substrate cavities, relay organizations of protons, and spatial layouts of catalytic active sites, are main methods of improving the performance and efficiency of the catalyst. However, non-standard categorization of catalytic products, insufficient mechanistic justification of nanozymatic nature, no standardized ways of testing, high toxicity of materials, and limitations of scale-up affect the transfer of the product to the processing industries significantly. Therefore, a consolidated understanding of natural activation, catalyst design, catalytic mechanisms, and quantitative energy efficiency results in the creation of valid frameworks for the design of validated nanozymes in the area of environmentally friendly energy processing. The increasing global demand for sustainable energy has intensified the search for efficient, robust catalytic systems for renewable fuel production. At the same time, conventional catalysts, including natural enzymes and noble metal-based materials, continue to suffer from limitations such as poor stability, high cost, and limited scalability under industrial conditions. In this context, nanozyme-based catalysts have emerged as a promising alternative by integrating enzyme-like catalytic activity with the structural tunability, durability, and cost-effectiveness of nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in nanozyme-based catalysts for renewable fuel applications, beginning with the fundamental definition and classification of nanozymes based on their enzyme-mimicking activities. The review discusses mechanistic insights, emphasizing electron-transfer processes, active-site engineering, and catalytic pathways governing key energy reactions, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution and reduction reactions (OER/ORR), CO₂ reduction, and biomass conversion into biofuels. The role of diverse material platforms, including metal-based, carbon-based, and hybrid nanozymes, is critically analyzed in terms of catalytic efficiency, selectivity, and stability. In addition, recent developments in computational modeling, particularly density functional theory (DFT), are highlighted for their contribution to predictive catalyst design and atomic-level mechanistic understanding. Despite these advantages, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and real-world applicability remain significant barriers. Overall, nanozymes represent a next-generation catalytic platform with strong potential for sustainable fuel production, and future research should focus on in situ and in operando characterization, rational material design, and integration with renewable energy systems to support their transition to industrial deployment.

Pharmaceutical pollutants have emerged as a critical class of aquatic micropollutants due to their continuous release, persistence, and potential impacts on ecosystems and human health. Conventional wastewater treatment systems are often insufficient to achieve complete removal, necessitating the development of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton and Fenton-like systems. These processes rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide species, singlet oxygen, and, in some heterogeneous systems, high-valent iron-oxo intermediates, which collectively enable the degradation of structurally diverse and recalcitrant pharmaceutical compounds. Recent advances have highlighted the pivotal role of nanomaterials as catalysts in enhancing Fenton-based processes. Nanostructured catalysts, including iron-based nanoparticles (NPs), metal oxides, carbon-based materials, and bimetallic composites, offer high surface area, tunable redox properties, and improved electron transfer, leading to enhanced catalytic efficiency and mineralization rates. Importantly, the integration of green synthesis approaches using plant extracts, microorganisms, and biopolymers provides environmentally benign routes for nanomaterial fabrication while introducing functional surface groups that improve catalytic performance. Mechanistically, pharmaceutical degradation in Fenton systems involves complex pathways driven by multiple ROS species, including •OH, superoxide radicals, and singlet oxygen, leading to the formation of intermediate products and eventual mineralization. However, challenges such as NP aggregation, metal leaching, incomplete mineralization, and potential toxicity of intermediates remain critical considerations. This review critically evaluates the occurrence of pharmaceutical pollutants, the fundamentals of Fenton and Fenton-like processes, and the design and application of green-synthesized nanomaterials as efficient catalysts. It further explores degradation mechanisms, operational parameters, and sustainability considerations, highlighting future directions for scalable, environmentally responsible water treatment technologies.