This study aims to determine the role of urinary plasminogen, a serine protease that reflects damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, in the early detection of diabetic kidney disease in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Pediatric patients, who had been followed up with T1DM for at least 2 years, and healthy matched controls were included. The association between urine plasminogen (uPlasminogen) levels and urine plasminogen-to-creatinine ratio (uPlgCR) with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) was examined, as well as determining a cut-off value for uPlasminogen to predict microalbuminuria. A total of 56 T1DM patients and 30 healthy matched controls were included. There was no significant difference in eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the groups. uPlasminogen level was determined to be higher in the albuminuric group than control (p = 0.001) and uPlgCR was higher in the normoalbuminuric and albuminuric groups than control (p = 0.004, p = 0.002, respectively). There was a weak positive correlation between uPlasminogen and uPlgCR with uACR (r 0.38, p = 0.004; r 0.28, p = 0.03, respectively). The diagnostic performance of uPlasminogen in predicting albuminuria was evaluated by ROC-curve analysis, showing an AUC of 0.69 (p = 0.02; 95% CI [0.521–0.861]), with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 65.5% at a cut-off value of 7.1 µg/L. Conclusion: A positive correlation was found between uPlasminogen and uPlgCR with albuminuria. Also, uPlasminogen was determined to predict albuminuria. Most importantly, uPlgCR was elevated in diabetic patients before albuminuria developed. uPlgCR may serve as a potential early marker or therapeutic target of DKD, pending further longitudinal validation. What is Known:• Urinary plasminogen correlates with albuminuria in diabetic patients. What is New:• Urinary plasminogen and uPlgCR levels exhibited a significant and positive correlation with uACR. The new findings in this study are that uPlgCR was detected in urine before microalbuminuria develops, and that uPlasminogen predicted albuminuria in pediatric patients with T1DM.

Objective: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a prevalent congenital anomaly in children, with a higher incidence in those with febrile urinary tract infections. Early detection and management of VUR are crucial to prevent reflux nephropathy and its associated complications. This retrospective observational study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and advantages of ultrasonography (USG) in diagnosing VUR grade compared to voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), the gold standard. Material and Methods: The study included 147 children aged 0-5 years who underwent VCUG for urinary tract infections, as well as antenatal and postnatal hydronephrosis. Patients were categorized into two age groups: 0-24 months (Group 1) and 25-60 months (Group 2). USG findings, including parenchymal thickness, renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter, renal parenchymal echogenicity, and distal ureteral dilatation, were compared between low-grade and high-grade VUR in both groups. Results: Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter and distal ureteral dilatation were independently associated with high-grade VUR in Group 1. The optimal cut-off value of renal pelvis anteroposterior diameter for predicting high-grade VUR was 5 mm, with 78.0% sensitivity and 76.0% specificity. However, no USG findings were independently associated with high-grade VUR in Group 2. Conclusion: USG examinations performed by experienced radiologists can effectively decrease radiation exposure in children, especially those with high-grade VUR under two years of age, and may prevent unnecessary radiation exposure in some pediatric patients