Chronic wounds remain a persistent clinical challenge due to their complex pathology involving prolonged inflammation, microbial biofilms, and impaired tissue regeneration. Emerging research highlights the dynamic role of the human microbiome in modulating immune responses and influencing wound healing outcomes. Disruptions to this microbial balance, termed dysbiosis, not only exacerbate infection but also hinder therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in smart and sustainable nanotechnology offer promising avenues to address these challenges. By integrating microbiome-sensitive mechanisms with targeted delivery systems, bio-based nanomaterials can overcome multidrug resistance, modulate inflammation, and accelerate healing. This review explores the molecular interplay between chronic infections and host immunity, highlights next-generation nanomaterials for regenerative applications, and proposes a sustainable paradigm that bridges clinical effectiveness with environmental responsibility.

This review examines engineered combination nanomedicine strategies that integrate co-delivery platforms, tumor microenvironment targeting, and predictive translational models to overcome cancer drug resistance.

Lung cancer metastasis remains a significant challenge in cancer therapy, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment modalities. Silymarin, a natural compound derived from milk thistle, has demonstrated promising anticancer properties. This work explored the inhibitory effects of silymarin on lung cancer metastasis and revealed the underlying processes, focusing on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP-9 activities. Using a combination of in vitro and molecular docking analyses, we found that silymarin effectively reducing the lung cancer cells' motility and invasion by modulation of expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, MTT assays revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation upon silymarin treatment and found the IC₅₀ value at 58 μM. We observe that apoptotic morphology characteristic in silymarin treated groups. Cell cycle analysis exhibit the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, 25.8 % increased apoptosis in silymarin treated groups, as evidenced by Annexin V staining. Moreover, silymarin treatment shows the lipid peroxidation in elevated level and reduced in enzymatic antioxidant level, indicating its potential role in mitigating oxidative stress induce cell death. Gelatin zymography assay indicates the silymarin has ability to inhibit the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in lung cancer. Additionally, cell migration assays and colony formation assays demonstrated impaired migratory and colony-forming abilities of lung cancer cells when treated with silymarin. Molecular docking studies further supported the binding affinity of silymarin with MMP-2 and MMP-9, demonstrate the −10.26 and −6.69 kcal/mol of binding energy. Collectively, our findings highlight the multifaceted anticancer properties of silymarin against lung cancer metastasis, providing insights into its therapeutic potential as an adjuvant treatment strategy.

Background/Objectives: The transformation of multifunctioning nanomaterials, incorporating antimicrobial activity and regenerative incompatibility, is becoming even more significant in the modern dental therapeutic context. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is primarily linked to dental caries and pulp inflammation and requires new strategies that would be efficient at controlling the infection and promoting tissue repair. The objectives of the present research were to synthesize and critique the use of chitosan–eugenol carbon dots (CECDs) as a versatile nanoplatform in the field of dentistry to implement antimicrobial and regenerative dentistry. Methods: CECDs synthesized from biocompatible chitosan and eugenol were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), evaluated from S. mutans inhibition via MIC/MBC, and assessed from cytocompatibility using 3T3-L1 fibroblast viability, morphology, and migration assays. Results: The resultant CECDs had a spherical morphology and a size of 5 ± 2 nm. The EDX analysis established the existence of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen labeling successful incorporation of heteroatoms, as well as surface functionalization. CECDs exhibited greater antibacterial effects against S. mutans through a concentration-dependent approach with MIC and MBC of 125 and 250 µg/mL respectively. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the cells were viable, their morphology was intact, and that the cells moved more vigorously, which confirmed excellent biocompatibility. Conclusions: The synergistic combination of chitosan and eugenol into the carbon dot structure produced CECDs that had strong biomarker along with antibacterial activity and desirable cytocompatibility. These results indicate that CECDs are an attractive multifunctional nanoplatform in the treatment of oral infections and help with wound healing.