High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is widely adopted in the hydrogen energy industry chain due to its simplicity, reliability, and economic viability. However, when these systems are subjected to rapid filling, a series of complex thermodynamic behaviors are induced. These have been identified as a bottleneck restricting the safety and service life of hydrogen storage and transportation equipment. In this paper, a detailed review is conducted on the recent domestic and international research progress regarding the thermodynamic issues encountered during the charging process of storage devices. Research achievements related to the thermodynamics of the process are systematically classified, summarized and discussed. These achievements are analyzed from four aspects: thermodynamic theoretical models, numerical simulation analysis, experimental testing, and thermal management strategies. The thermodynamic mechanism of the charging process is revealed, and the variation laws of thermodynamic responses during charging are sorted out. Key factors affecting the thermodynamic behaviors of charging are clarified, and the implementation effects of different thermal management strategies are elaborated. Finally, based on the future development trend and prominent potential challenges in high-pressure hydrogen storage, the future development directions of the thermodynamics of hydrogen fueling in storage and transportation devices are explored and prospected.

This study conducts multi-scale numerical simulations spanning atomic to macroscopic scales (i.e., from nanometer to millimeter scale) to investigate the fatigue crack propagation behavior in the welded heat-affected zone (HAZ) of AH36 shipbuilding steel. A coupled molecular dynamics–finite element method (MD-FEM) was employed to establish a multi-scale model. Through the transfer of boundary displacements, equivalent mapping of crack morphology, and crack-tip tracking, an iterative multi-scale simulation of 600 tension–tension fatigue cycles was achieved. The results indicate that the crack propagation rate is significantly influenced by crack tip morphology (blunting/sharpening) and growth direction. Notably, the peak strain at the boundary is not the sole determining factor. Periodic blunting of the crack tip occurs during cyclic loading, accompanied by a decrease in the propagation rate. Additionally, the stress field near the crack tip induces microscopic defects such as voids in the nearby area, affecting the crack propagation. This study, based on multi-scale analysis, reveals the microscopic mechanism and evolution law of fatigue crack propagation in the heat-affected zone of AH36 steel welds.

Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) has been regarded as an ideal carrier for large-scale and long-distance hydrogen energy storage and transportation due to its high gravimetric hydrogen storage density, rapid refueling efficiency and favorable safety performance. However, the physical properties of LH₂, such as low viscosity and high volatility at the ultra-low temperature of −253 °C, cause complex thermodynamic problems during the refueling process—including drastic phase transitions, concentrated thermal stress, and two-phase flow instability—which act as bottlenecks restricting the large-scale application of LH₂. In this paper, research advances achieved domestically and internationally in recent years are reviewed in detail with respect to thermodynamic issues occurring in the ultra-low-temperature LH₂ refueling process. Research achievements concerning the thermodynamics of LH₂ refueling are classified, summarized and discussed from the perspectives of theoretical thermodynamic analysis, numerical simulation, experimental investigation and refueling process optimization strategies for LH₂ refueling. The heat and mass transfer mechanisms involved in LH₂ refueling are revealed, the variation in thermodynamic responses during the refueling process is described, the critical factors affecting the thermodynamic behaviors of LH₂ refueling are clarified, the industry standards on LH₂ refueling are critically assessed, and various refueling process management strategies are discussed. Finally, the future development directions of thermodynamic research on the LH₂ refueling process are discussed and prospected on the basis of the development trends and potential prominent challenges faced by LH₂ refueling technologies.

The anti-aging performance of stay cables in complex marine environments is directly related to the long-term service safety of sea-crossing cable-stayed bridge structures, and it has been recognized as one of the key issues for the priority evaluation of the structural performance of sea-crossing cable-stayed bridges with Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) cables. In this paper, the coupled aging effects of ultraviolet radiation, salt spray, temperature and humidity, and prestress on BFRP cables were taken into consideration. Accelerated aging tests involving the coupling of light, heat, water, salt, and prestress were carried out to simulate the actual marine service environment. The anti-aging performance of BFRP cables was investigated by combining the analysis of macro mechanical properties with the characterization of micro structural morphology. The results of the study were as follows: (1) With the increase in aging duration, the tensile strength and ultimate fracture strain of BFRP cables decreased gradually. The degradation rates of tensile strength and ultimate fracture strain of BFRP cables exhibited a decreasing trend, characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a gradual slowdown under the coupled aging effects of light, heat, water, salt, and prestress. (2) Compared with the significant decrease in tensile strength, the elastic modulus of BFRP cables showed an insignificant decrease. The elastic modulus of BFRP cables was observed to exhibit a trend of initial decrease, subsequent increase, and another decrease, with an overall reduction. (3) Temperature and prestress were verified to exert a considerable influence on the anti-aging performance of BFRP cables. The influence of temperature on the degradation of aging performance of BFRP cables was found to be greater than that of prestress. (4) The degradation in the anti-aging performance of BFRP cables under coupled aging effects was confirmed to originate from the initiation and propagation of microcracks in the resin matrix, which were caused by the combined actions of prestress, photochemistry, and hydrolysis. Meanwhile, the damage to the fiber–resin interface was accelerated by chloride ions in seawater under high-temperature conditions, which ultimately led to a reduction in the anti-aging performance of BFRP cables.