Objectives. The creation of new herbal medicines for their use in dentistry is relevant. The purpose of this work is to study the acute toxicity of the anticaries dental gel (ACDG3) developed by us based on Origanum vulgare. Results. In case of studying the safety of anticaries dental gel ACDG3 in animals, that with a single dose of up to 2000mg/kg, the absence of pathological changes in the behavior of animals was noted. Biochemical studies indicate that the studied doses of dental gel did not lead to significant deviations in the blood parameters of mice and deviations fluctuated within the reference values. According to the results of a morphometric study conducted 15days after the administration of the drug, no deviations were found. The histological evaluation of organs showed little change in the cardiac architecture in animals treated with ACDG3 at doses of 1000mg/kg and 2000mg/kg. On the other hand, no significant changes in the cardiac function were observed in all treated mice. Conclusion. As follows from the results obtained, in case of determining acute toxicity, the studied anticaries gel, ACDG3, showed low toxicity. For mice, LD50 was 2000mg/kg intragastrically. So, according to the generally accepted classification of the toxicity of substances, ACDG3 can be attributed to the class of low-toxic substances (IV class of toxicity, LD50>5000mg/kg, intragastric administration), that is, to practically nontoxic compounds.

Background: Amidst escalating global challenges such as antimicrobial resistance and post-COVID therapeutic gaps, dihydropyrimidines (DHPs) and their thione derivatives have emerged as a highly promising scaffold for drug development. This systematic review aims to consolidate recent advancements (2020–2025) and evaluate the synthetic innovation, structure–activity relationships (SAR), and preclinical potential of these compounds. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, searching multiple electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science). Sixty original studies from 2020 to 2025 meeting predefined inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and qualitative synthesis. Results: The analysis reveals a surge in publications (over 300% since 2020). Key structural modifications, such as N-methylation to improve bioavailability and specific substitutions at C4/C5 positions, significantly enhance biological potency, yielding strong inhibitory effects against viral proteases and cancer cell lines. Notable compounds include the apoptosis inducer LaSOM 65 and multitarget Ru(II)–Biginelli hybrids. Conclusions: This review affirms the timeliness and translational potential of the DHP scaffold. The field shows bright prospects for advancing to phase I trials by 2030, urging intensified exploration to unlock novel pharmaceuticals from this versatile chemotype.

Background/Objectives: Implant-associated infections remain among the most severe and clinically challenging complications in contemporary orthopedics, largely due to the formation of persistent bacterial biofilms and the limited penetration of systemically administered antibiotics into the tissue–implant interface. In this context, local antibacterial functionalization of implantable materials represents a promising strategy for the prevention of early infectious complications. The objective of this study was to develop and comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial performance of PLA-based composites loaded with antibiotics from different pharmacological classes, with a view toward their potential application in individualized 3D-printed implants. Methods: Polylactic acid (PLA)-based composites incorporating gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and vancomycin were fabricated using thermal processing under conditions compatible with extrusion and fused filament fabrication. Physicochemical characterization (FTIR, TGA, SEM) was performed to assess the structure and morphology of the composites, and in vitro antibiotic release studies were conducted. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an agar diffusion assay against ATCC reference strains and clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10 per species). The antibacterial performance of the composites was evaluated in comparison with standard commercial antibiotic disks used as qualitative reference controls. Results: Antibiotic-loaded PLA composites exhibited consistent and reproducible antibacterial activity, markedly exceeding that of neat PLA. The broadest activity spectrum was observed for PLA–ciprofloxacin (≈29–36 mm) and PLA–gentamicin (≈25–27 mm), which effectively inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical isolates, including MRSA and P. aeruginosa. PLA–vancomycin retained selective activity against staphylococci (≈14–15 mm), whereas PLA–doxycycline demonstrated limited efficacy against Gram-negative pathogens. Physicochemical analysis confirmed successful incorporation of antibiotics without detectable degradation of the polymer structure, while release studies demonstrated sustained antibiotic release from the composite materials. Importantly, the expected pharmacological activity profiles of the antibiotics were preserved after incorporation into the polymer matrix and subsequent high-temperature processing. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating clinically relevant antibiotics into a thermoplastic PLA matrix while preserving their selective antimicrobial activity following processing compatible with extrusion and additive manufacturing. The proposed PLA-based composites can be regarded as elements of a pharmacologically tunable antibacterial platform, offering a rationale for the development of context-dependent, biodegradable, 3D-printed implants for the local prevention of implant-associated infections in the setting of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

(1) Research Highlights: This study provides the first integrated assessment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the urban forests of Karaganda, Kazakhstan, a city consistently ranked among the most air-polluted cities globally. We examined the adaptive phyto-chemical response of needles to extreme technogenic stress and evaluated their dual potential as biological filters and renewable sources of bioactive compounds. (2) Background and Objectives: Urban forests are critical for mitigating air pollution; however, the biochemical responses of trees in heavily industrialized environments remain poorly understood. Karaganda faces severe atmospheric pollution from mining, metallurgy, and energy sectors, with particulate matter (PM) levels exceeding permissible limits by up to 20-fold. This study aimed to evaluate the state of Pinus sylvestris, a key component of local protective plantations, by studying heavy metal accumulation, anatomical localization of secondary metabolites, and the phytochemical profile and biological activity of needle extracts obtained using different extraction techniques. (3) Materials and Methods: Needles were collected from 15 trees across three sites in Karaganda’s industrial green zones. Heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, As, and Hg) was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy and voltammetry. Anatomical–histochemical analysis localizes major metabolite classes. Liquid extracts were prepared using four methods, percolation (PER), vortex-assisted (VAE), microwave-assisted (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction, and analyzed by GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity was tested against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans using the disk diffusion method. The antioxidant capacity (water- and fat-soluble) was measured amperometrically. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Results: Despite extreme ambient pollution, heavy metal concentrations remained below pharmacopoeial limits (Pb < 0.1, Cd < 0.05, As < 0.01, Hg < 0.001 mg/kg), indicating effective biofiltration without toxic accumulation. Histochemistry confirmed the active synthesis of protective phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils in the mesophyll, epidermis, and schizogenic cavities. GC-MS identified 72 compounds in the PER extract, 70 (the VAE), 72 in (MAE), and 46 in (UAE). The PER extract exhibited the highest relative abundance of bioactive terpenoids: α-cadinol (5.24%), α-muurolene (4.32%), and caryo-phyllene (2.20%). UAE extracts exhibited elevated 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (6.90%), indicating degradation. Antimicrobial testing revealed that PER produced the largest inhibition zone against S. aureus (15.0 ± 1.0 mm), significantly exceeding that of the other methods (p < 0.001). PER extract also demonstrated the highest water-soluble antioxidant capacity (3600 ± 0.40 mg quercetin equiv./dm³) and substantial fat-soluble activity (1633 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equiv./dm³). (4) Conclusions: Pinus sylvestris in Karaganda exhibits remarkable adaptive resilience, maintaining safe heavy metal levels while accumulating a rich repertoire of stress-induced secondary metabolites. Classical percolation optimally preserves this native phytocomplex, yielding extracts with superior antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These findings support a dual-use model wherein urban pine plantations simultaneously serve as living biofilters and renewable sources of standardized bioactive extracts, a concept with direct implications for circular bioeconomy strategies in industrial regions worldwide. This supports the strategic importance of coniferous plantations for bioremediation and sustainable resource use in industrial regions.

ВОСПРИЯТИЕ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ ЧЕСТНОСТИ ПРИ ПОДГОТОВКЕ К ПРАКТИЧЕСКИМ ЗАНЯТИЯМ

Статья посвящена анализу мирового опыта подготовки клинических фармацевтов и исследованию готовности и мотивации обучающихся выпускных курсов и выпускников последних трех лет Карагандинского медицинского университета по образовательной программе бакалавриата «фармация» к дополнительному обучению по данной специализации. В Республике Казахстан вопросы подготовки квалифицированных клинических фармацевтов приобретают особую актуальность на фоне реформирования фармацевтического образования, повышения требований к качеству фармацевтической помощи и необходимости рационального использования лекарственных средств. Для оценки перспектив подготовки клинических фармацевтов в Казахстане был проведен анализ мирового опыта обучения специалистов в области клинической фармации, а также исследование мотивации выпускников и обучающихся выпускных курсов и выпускников баклалавриата по специальности «фармация» Карагандинского медицинского университета к получению дополнительного образования. Как показывает мировой опыт подготовки клинических фармацевтов, унифицированной системы подготовки таких специалистов за рубежом не существует, однако, практически во всех странах обучение осуществляется на уровне послевузовского образования – магистратура, докторантура или резидентура с обязательной клинической практикой или стажировкой в медицинских организациях. Особый упор при этом в методах подготовки сделан на клиническую практику, обеспечивая обучающимся доступ к пациентам. При этом они активно включены в работу междисциплинарной команды врачей, обеспечивая участие в уходе за пациентами, ведение их лекарственной терапии, обучение пациентов принципам рациональной фармакотерапии. Результаты исследования показали, что молодые специалисты в большинстве своем проявляют интерес к новой специализации, т.к. она может дать им опыт работы в клинике в составе команды врачей, а также может способствовать их профессиональному и карьерному росту. Они готовы обучаться на послевузовском уровне на программе продолжительностью не более года, особенно если будет полное или частичное финансирование.