Tomato, a vital subtropical vegetable crop, is in demand globally but is produced in limited regions. Recently, its supply has become increasingly influenced by internal and external production factors. This study analyzed the impact of price fluctuations and evolving agricultural support schemes on tomato production in three key producers: Mexico, Türkiye, and the United States, which play significant roles in the global market with specialized production and trade. Using time-series price response data from 1991 to 2022, the research examined market prices, government support policies, and international trade agreements. Long-term price effects were similar in Türkiye and the USA but negligible in Mexico. Short-term price differences were positive across all countries, with the strongest impact in the USA. Financial support programs increased supplies in alignment with time-based effects. Deviations from long-term equilibrium were corrected in all countries, with Türkiye showing the fastest recovery. The results suggest that decoupled supports positively influence supply and merit further promotion.

The COVID-19 pandemic is brutally hitting many countries in the world. Immense consequences on food, health, and livelihoods are dreaded. The agricultural sector is a crucial part of the developing economy and provides livelihood to a large section of the people. Therefore, the disruption in agriculture and food systems will have significant impacts. This paper performs an inclusive assessment of the effect of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in the major part of the countries. A detailed discussion on reports, scientific publications, press releases, and organizational statements are reviewed. This review addresses and highlights COVID- 19 direct impacts in the food systems, market access for agricultural commodities, food and nutritional security, labour availability and migration, farm systems restore, inputs and outputs integration, the importance of IT in agriculture and lesson learning from these effects. In addition, this paper suggests coping and mitigation mechanisms that could be useful to improve and sustain livelihoods. Furthermore, this collective review is helpful to investigators, Government organizations, agricultural departments, and policymakers to expedite an effective response against the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Agriculture, Livelihoods, Food system, Covid-19 *:Corresponding authors: suren.tnau@gmail.com bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr

Objective: This study examines the impact of armed conflicts, particularly the Russo-Ukrainian War, on achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger. The analysis explores how escalating conflicts post-2015 have undermined global efforts toward ending hunger and ensuring food security by 2030. Method: The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing data on global armed conflicts and food insecurity rates from 2015 to 2023. It particularly focuses on the escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War and its implications for global food supply chains. The study integrates reports from the United Nations, various NGOs, and other authoritative sources to assess the broader impacts of armed conflicts on food security. Results: Since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, the number of armed conflicts has significantly increased, correlating with heightened global food insecurity. Specifically, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has directly resulted in 1.7 billion people experiencing hunger and 276 million facing severe food insecurity worldwide. This conflict has disrupted agricultural production and global food supply chains, exacerbating the food crisis. Conclusions: The findings highlight the severe challenges that armed conflicts pose to achieving global food security. With less than a decade remaining until the 2030 deadline, it is imperative to intensify diplomatic efforts to mitigate conflicts, thereby safeguarding progress toward Zero Hunger. The study underscores the necessity of integrating peace-building strategies into the broader framework of sustainable development.

This paper examines the current status of the Turkish greenhouse industry and highlights issues important for its competitiveness. The greenhouse industry is the fastest‐growing segment of agriculture in Turkey, mainly because of favourable climatic conditions. However, in recent years the greenhouse industry has been forced to adopt an increasingly competitive place in the market. The competitive market environment for greenhouse produce does not necessarily provide growers with any assurances about sales volume, a sufficient price, or favourable financial outcome. Currently, greenhouse operators in Turkey face problems such as declining crop prices, price fluctuations based on over‐supply, poor market systems and sales uncertainty, and lack of grower cooperatives. These problems have resulted in income uncertainty and market risks for greenhouse operators. In addition, strong dependency on imported inputs and excessive use of chemicals are other weaknesses of the Turkish greenhouse industry.

High dependency on traditional primary agricultural commodities and recurrent world market price fluctuations had exposed Ethiopia to foreign earnings instability. To reduce the high dependence on primary agricultural commodities and the associated vulnerability of negative price declines, diversification of trade from primary agricultural commodities into high-value horticultural commodities has attracted the attention of policy makers. The developments made in this area have brought the sector to the position of fifth largest foreign revenue generator for the country. However, given the comparative advantage in marketing and the potential to achieve trade gains that the country possesses, the benefit from the horticultural sub-sector is far below its potential. In this regard, knowledge of the determinants of the industry’s development is very important. So far, no attempt was made to examine factors influencing the export performance of the sector, taking the long period performance of the sector into consideration. Consequently, this study was proposed to examine the factors that have influenced the horticultural export performance of Ethiopia for the period from 1985–2016. Secondary data collected from National Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopia Horticulture Producer Exporter Association, Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia, FAOSTAT, UNCTAD, and the World Bank were used in this study. The short-run and long-run relationships among the series were investigated using the autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL) bound test cointegration approach. The model result of the Error Correction Model (ECM (-1)) was revealed as negative and significant, whereby it confirmed the existence of cointegration among the series. Its coefficient value was 0.472, which showed 47% of the adjustment will be made in the first year and it will return to its long-run equilibrium after 2.12 years. The model results also showed that the real effective exchange rate, the real GDP of Ethiopia, foreign direct investment (FDI), prices, and the structural break had significantly influenced the horticultural export performance both in the short-run and the long-run. Foreign GDP and real interest rates were revealed significant only in the long-run. Finally, important policy measures deemed to improve the horticultural export performance of Ethiopia were recommended.

The decision to choose an appropriate market outlet may involve a self-selection problem. This suggests that unobservable characteristics play an important role, and the examination of the impact of market outlet choice on smallholder household welfare needs to correct this selection bias. Consequently, this study, by using a multinomial endogenous treatment model, examined the determinants of market outlet choices and their subsequent effects on the welfare of smallholder vegetable and fruit producers in Ethiopia. The results on the determinants of market outlet choices obtained using this model indicated that distance to main roads, livestock ownership, access to extension, and cooperative membership influenced the decisions of smallholder farmers in one way or another. Furthermore, the model results obtained by correcting the selectivity indicated that, relative to formal markets, informal markets have a low impact on the welfare of smallholder farmers. Thus, alternative policy measurements aimed at improving the food security and welfare of smallholder farmers should be accompanied by improving their access to formal markets.