Microwave sources based on ultrastable lasers and optical frequency combs (OFCs) exhibit ultralow phase noise and ultrahigh-frequency stability, which are important for many applications. Herein, we present a microwave source that is phase-locked to an ultrastable continuous-wave laser, with a relative frequency instability of 7 × ${10}^{-16}$ at 1 s. An Er:fiber-based OFC and an optic-to-electronic converter with low residual noise are employed to confer optical frequency stability on the 9.6 GHz microwave signal. Instead of using the normal cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometer method, we developed a microwave regeneration method for converting optical pulses into microwave signals to further suppress the additional noise in the optic-to-electronic conversion process. The microwave regeneration method employs an optical-to-microwave phase detector based on a fiber-based Sagnac loop to produce the error signal between a 9.6 GHz dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) and the OFC. The 9.6 GHz microwave (48th harmonic of the comb’s repetition rate) signal with the frequency stability of the ultrastable laser was achieved using a DRO that was phase-locked to the optical comb. Preliminary evaluations showed that the frequency instability of the frequency synthesizer from the optical to the 9.6 GHz microwave signal was approximately 2 × ${10}^{-15}$ at 1 s, the phase noise was $-106$ dBc Hz⁻¹ at 1 Hz, and the timing noise was approximately 9 as Hz^−1/2 (phase noise approx. $-125$ dBc Hz⁻¹). The 9.6 GHz signal from the photonic microwave source exhibited a short-term relative frequency instability of 2.1 × ${10}^{-15}$ at 1 s, which is 1.5 times better than the previous results.

This article reports on a millimeter-wave (MM-wave) signal down-conversion system with low phase noise for chip-scaled optical clocks. The system utilizes analog regenerative frequency division, low-noise fractional frequency division, and phase-locked frequency division techniques to down-convert a 100 GHz MM-wave signal to 100 MHz with phase noise of −117 dBc/Hz @100 Hz, −133 dBc/Hz @1 kHz, and 10 MHz with phase noise of −124 dBc/Hz @100 Hz and −143 dBc/Hz @1 kHz. The frequency stability of the signal down-converted to 100 MHz is 5.0 × 10⁻¹⁵ @ 1 s and 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁶ @ 1000 s, while the frequency stability of the 10 MHz signal is 5.7 × 10⁻¹⁴ @ 1 s and 5.9 × 10⁻¹⁶ @1000 s, both of which decrease to the 10⁻¹⁶ level at 10,000 s. This down-conversion system meets the frequency conversion requirements of state-of-the-art chip-based optical clocks and micro-cavity optical combs.