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Healthy city is an important aspect of sustainable city and society. This study constructed a healthy city evaluation framework, and calculated the healthy city index (HCI) of 258 cities in China in 2016 by using the entropy weight method. The results show disparities in the construction of healthy cities in China. The level of healthy city development in China was not optimistic, healthy class V and IV cities accounted for more than 80% of all cities, while healthy class I and II cities accounted for only 6.2%. Healthy city development was dramatically imbalanced, and large-scale cities and eastern developed areas led in healthy development. The HCI in eastern region was 1.50, 1.54 and 1.58 times that of the central, western and northeastern regions. The Moran's I was 0.151, indicating that the healthy development of cities had obvious learning and synergistic effects. Coal consumption, city size, meteorological conditions, economic development and education level were related to the healthy city development level in China. Promoting fairness in allocation of medical, sports, and education resources, strengthening health-oriented urban planning, and upgrading the energy structure will help raise the level of healthy city development in China, which should be verified in the future.
Daohao Yan; Shaohua Wu; Shenglu Zhou; Fufu Li; Yuanmin Wang. Healthy city development for Chinese cities under dramatic imbalance: evidence from 258 cities. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021, 74, 103157 .
AMA StyleDaohao Yan, Shaohua Wu, Shenglu Zhou, Fufu Li, Yuanmin Wang. Healthy city development for Chinese cities under dramatic imbalance: evidence from 258 cities. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2021; 74 ():103157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaohao Yan; Shaohua Wu; Shenglu Zhou; Fufu Li; Yuanmin Wang. 2021. "Healthy city development for Chinese cities under dramatic imbalance: evidence from 258 cities." Sustainable Cities and Society 74, no. : 103157.
Elemental carbon (EC) is a chemically heterogeneous class of carbonaceous particles—including char, soot, coke, charcoal, and others—that form by incomplete fossil fuel and biomass combustion. Many previous studies indicate that EC has a better correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distribution in urban soils than total organic carbon (TOC). Nevertheless, the correlation between EC components and PAHs in developed regions is still not clear. Accordingly, we explored the concentrations, sources, and correlations of EC components with PAHs in soils from different areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China. The results showed that soil EC and PAH levels were higher in Nanjing (high urbanization) than in Dingshu or Lujia (lower urbanization), yet TOC exhibited the opposite trend with respect to PAH levels. The main sources of both EC and PAHs were fossil fuel and biomass combustion, but there were differences between the study areas. The ∑16PAHs concentration was strongly associated with char-EC and soot-EC levels in Nanjing (P < 0.01), yet was only strongly associated with char-EC level in Dingshu (P < 0.01). We found no significant correlations between the concentrations of PAHs and any carbon component in Lujia (P > 0.05), mainly due to the relatively low EC and PAH levels in these rural samples. Based on our results, we built quantitative equations that describe the relationships between the concentrations of PAHs and specific carbon types. Moreover, we also constructed a quantitative relationship model of soil PAH distribution association with urbanization indicators, soil properties, and other factors. Our findings will help researchers deeply understand the formation mechanism of PAHs in urban soils.
Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Junhong Tang; Yan Li; Huanxuan Li; Jia Du; Shaodan Xu; Qinwei Zhou; Zeyu Xu; Shaohua Wu. Elemental carbon components and PAHs in soils from different areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China and their relationship. CATENA 2020, 199, 105086 .
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Junhong Tang, Yan Li, Huanxuan Li, Jia Du, Shaodan Xu, Qinwei Zhou, Zeyu Xu, Shaohua Wu. Elemental carbon components and PAHs in soils from different areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China and their relationship. CATENA. 2020; 199 ():105086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Junhong Tang; Yan Li; Huanxuan Li; Jia Du; Shaodan Xu; Qinwei Zhou; Zeyu Xu; Shaohua Wu. 2020. "Elemental carbon components and PAHs in soils from different areas of the Yangtze River Delta region, China and their relationship." CATENA 199, no. : 105086.
The high-precision mapping of urban health risk is a difficult problem due to the high heterogeneity of the urban environment. In this paper, the spatial distribution characteristics of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) content in the urban soil of Shenzhen City were analyzed through a field investigation. We propose an approach for improving the accuracy and spatial resolution of PAH carcinogenic risk assessment by integrating the pollutant distribution and Location Based Service (LBS) data. The results showed that the concentration of PAHs in the high-density urban area was 271.67 ng g−1, which was 27.2% higher than that in the green area. Although the average carcinogenic risk of PAHs in the surface soil of Shenzhen city was less than 10−6, the maximum carcinogenic risk at some sample sites exceeded 10−6, which indicates a potential health risk. The LBS data were effective for high-precision mapping of the population distribution. According to the combination relationship between the risk threshold of pollutants and the population density, four types of risk zones were proposed. Among them, 6.9% of the areas had a high-risk and high population density and 15.8% of the areas were high-risk with a low population density. These two kinds of zones were the critical areas for controlling risk. The fine-scale risk mapping approach for determining the carcinogenic risk of soil PAHs integrating pollutant distribution and location based service data was demonstrated to be a useful tool for explicit spatial risk management. This tool could provide spatial insights and decision support for urban health-risk management and pollution prevention.
Dongxiang Chen; Han Zhao; Jun Zhao; Zhenci Xu; Shaohua Wu. Mapping the Finer-Scale Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soil—A Case Study of Shenzhen City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6735 .
AMA StyleDongxiang Chen, Han Zhao, Jun Zhao, Zhenci Xu, Shaohua Wu. Mapping the Finer-Scale Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soil—A Case Study of Shenzhen City, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6735.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongxiang Chen; Han Zhao; Jun Zhao; Zhenci Xu; Shaohua Wu. 2020. "Mapping the Finer-Scale Carcinogenic Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soil—A Case Study of Shenzhen City, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6735.
Environmental complexity leads to differences in the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in soil and rice. Such spatial differences will seriously affect the safety of planted rice and can impact regional management and control. How to scientifically reveal these spatial differences is an urgent problem. In this study, the spatial mismatch relationship between Cd pollution in soil and rice grains (brown rice) was first explored by the interpolation method. To further reveal the causes of these, the specific recognition rules of the spatial relationship of Cd pollution were extracted based on a decision tree model, and the results were mapped. The results revealed a spatial mismatch in Cd pollution between the soil and rice grains in the study area, and the main results are as follows: (i) slight soil pollution and safe rice accounted for 68.88% of the area; (ii) slight soil pollution and serious rice pollution accounted for 13.39% of the area and (iii) safe soil and serious rice pollution accounted for 11.63% of the area. In addition, 11 recognition rules of Cd spatial pollution relationship between soil and rice were proposed, and the main environmental factors were determined: SOM (soil organic matter), Dis-residence (distance from residential area), soil pH and LAI (leaf area index). The average accuracy of rule recognition was 75.90%. The study reveals the spatial mismatch of heavy metal pollution in soil and crops, providing decision-making references for the spatial accurate identification and targeted prevention of heavy metal pollution spaces.
Yuanmin Wang; Shaohua Wu; Daohao Yan; Fufu Li; Wang Chengcheng; Cheng Min; Sun Wenyu. Determining and mapping the spatial mismatch between soil and rice cadmium (Cd) pollution based on a decision tree model. Environmental Pollution 2020, 265, 115029 .
AMA StyleYuanmin Wang, Shaohua Wu, Daohao Yan, Fufu Li, Wang Chengcheng, Cheng Min, Sun Wenyu. Determining and mapping the spatial mismatch between soil and rice cadmium (Cd) pollution based on a decision tree model. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 265 ():115029.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuanmin Wang; Shaohua Wu; Daohao Yan; Fufu Li; Wang Chengcheng; Cheng Min; Sun Wenyu. 2020. "Determining and mapping the spatial mismatch between soil and rice cadmium (Cd) pollution based on a decision tree model." Environmental Pollution 265, no. : 115029.
Urbanization is an important driving force for the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils. Research on factors affecting PAH distribution in urban soils has focused on analyses of statistical relationships, and quantitative models are not available in the literature. Accordingly, we chose the urban area of Nanjing (high urbanization), and Dingshu (low urbanization), and then comprehensively utilized soil sample test analyses, multivariate statistics, and other technical means to (1) study the concentration and sources of PAHs in urban soils, and (2) identify the main controlling factors that affect urban soil PAH distribution. We found that the population density and black carbon (BC) components were the critical factors of soil PAH distribution in Nanjing, yet BC components and leaf area index in Dingshu. We then constructed a quantitative relationship model of urban soil PAH distribution in different levels of urbanization. Using this model, we conducted a preliminary analysis of the formation mechanism of urban soil PAHs under different urbanization levels. This research provides a basis for finely controlling regional urban soil PAH pollution.
Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Jing Song; Junhong Tang; Shaohua Wu. Formation mechanism of soil PAH distribution: High and low urbanization. Geoderma 2020, 367, 114271 .
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Jing Song, Junhong Tang, Shaohua Wu. Formation mechanism of soil PAH distribution: High and low urbanization. Geoderma. 2020; 367 ():114271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Jing Song; Junhong Tang; Shaohua Wu. 2020. "Formation mechanism of soil PAH distribution: High and low urbanization." Geoderma 367, no. : 114271.
The analysis of the relationship between regional resources and environment and human activities plays an important role in sustainable regional development. This study proposes the pressure–capacity–governance (PCG) model, an analytic framework for the assessment of the resources and environmental pressure (REP), carrying capacity (RECC) and governance (REG) levels over a large watershed scale, with the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as the study area. A limiting factor analysis is used to recognize the limiting factors of the regional RECC. The coupling analysis of resources and environmental pressure–capacity–governance identifies the regional potential and utilization direction. The research results are as follows. (1) The REP, RECC and REG levels of the YREB exhibit spatial differences. The REPs of the upper reaches are lower than those of the lower reaches, which does not match the RECC but matches the REG levels. (2) The proportions of unused land, water resources, and atmospheric environmental quality are the main limiting factors of the regional RECC. (3) The PCG analysis framework is used as the basis to divide the YREB into several subareas to analyse the resources and environmental potential carrying capacity and utilization direction of different types of region. This research may provide decision-making references for regional sustainable development at the large watershed scale.
Haijun Bao; Chengcheng Wang; Lu Han; Shaohua Wu; Liming Lou; Baogen Xu; Yanfang Liu. Resources and Environmental Pressure, Carrying Capacity, And Governance: A Case Study of Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1576 .
AMA StyleHaijun Bao, Chengcheng Wang, Lu Han, Shaohua Wu, Liming Lou, Baogen Xu, Yanfang Liu. Resources and Environmental Pressure, Carrying Capacity, And Governance: A Case Study of Yangtze River Economic Belt. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (4):1576.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaijun Bao; Chengcheng Wang; Lu Han; Shaohua Wu; Liming Lou; Baogen Xu; Yanfang Liu. 2020. "Resources and Environmental Pressure, Carrying Capacity, And Governance: A Case Study of Yangtze River Economic Belt." Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1576.
Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. However, little is known about PAH exposure to people living in urban and suburban areas through comparative studies. Some studies have indicated that human hair can be used as a noninvasive biomarker of PAH exposure. Therefore, we collected hair samples from 66 volunteers from Nanjing and Ningbo, China, to detect PAH concentrations in this work. The highest levels in the hair samples were found in phenanthrene > anthracene > naphthalene among the parent PAHs. Sixteen parent PAHs showed higher concentrations in the samples from Nanjing than in the samples from Ningbo. Significantly higher levels of some PAHs were observed in male hair than in female hair in Nanjing, and in hair from smokers than in hair from non-smokers in both Nanjing and Ningbo. In addition, there was a significant effect of the age on the concentration of low-molecular-weight PAHs and ∑PAHs in human hair in both Nanjing and Ningbo. Studying the inter-chemical associations between these PAHs indicated similarities and differences between Nanjing and Ningbo.
Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Junhong Tang; Huanxuan Li; Jia Du. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in people living in urban and rural areas as revealed by hair analysis. Chemosphere 2019, 246, 125764 .
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Shaohua Wu, Junhong Tang, Huanxuan Li, Jia Du. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in people living in urban and rural areas as revealed by hair analysis. Chemosphere. 2019; 246 ():125764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Junhong Tang; Huanxuan Li; Jia Du. 2019. "Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in people living in urban and rural areas as revealed by hair analysis." Chemosphere 246, no. : 125764.
Agricultural land fragmentation has an important impact on ecosystem services, especially food production. However, the relationship between land fragmentation and production diversification remains controversial and requires further analysis. This study characterized the dynamics of land fragmentation and production diversification in Zhejiang Province, China, from 1995 to 2015 using remote sensing, landscape metrics, and a diversification assessment approach. The results showed that Zhejiang Province experienced increasing fragmentation of agricultural landscapes and profound diversification of agricultural production. Fragmentation had a significant negative effect on grain crop production, but it had a significant positive effect on production diversification. These findings showed that fragmentation is an important driver of the diversification of agriculture and contributes to increased dietary diversity in local households. Therefore, we believe that when addressing land fragmentation issues, both the positive and negative impacts of fragmentation in different local conditions and circumstances should be taken into account. Our findings will provide scientific support for land consolidation management and agricultural land resource protection.
Lefeng Qiu; Jinxia Zhu; Yi Pan; Shaohua Wu; Yunxiao Dang; Baogen Xu; Hong Yang. The positive impacts of landscape fragmentation on the diversification of agricultural production in Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 251, 119722 .
AMA StyleLefeng Qiu, Jinxia Zhu, Yi Pan, Shaohua Wu, Yunxiao Dang, Baogen Xu, Hong Yang. The positive impacts of landscape fragmentation on the diversification of agricultural production in Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 251 ():119722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLefeng Qiu; Jinxia Zhu; Yi Pan; Shaohua Wu; Yunxiao Dang; Baogen Xu; Hong Yang. 2019. "The positive impacts of landscape fragmentation on the diversification of agricultural production in Zhejiang Province, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 251, no. : 119722.
Although polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) are abundant around cities, few researchers have studied the complex concentrations and joint risks of these pollutants in urban surface soils containing diverse land uses. We collected 69 urban surface soil samples from roadside districts (RDs), green belts (GBs), public green space (PGS), commercial districts (CDs) and residential districts (RSDs) in urban areas of Nanjing, China to determine the concentrations, distributions, deposition patterns and joint risks of PAH and HM contaminants. No significant differences were found among the 5 studied land uses, but a wide range of PAH levels were found in these land uses, as these diverse land uses have similar PAH pollution sources. As these areas persistently generate high PAH levels by gasoline/diesel engine or coal combustion, the PAH distribution characteristics indicated that commercial centers or city centers are the most heavily contaminated sites. The distributions of BC and HMs, except for Pb, were found to be significantly correlated. Except for Cd and As, HM levels among diverse land uses also showed no significant differences, possibly stemming from the non‐point source pollution of these metals in the study areas. Factor analysis showed that 46.2% of the elevated pollutant concentrations resulted from combustion processes, 24.3% were caused by natural background fluctuations, and 11.9% resulted from non‐combustion processes. The studied PAHs and As presented low carcinogenic risks. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn depicted acceptable total non‐carcinogenic risks in all land uses; however, the risks associated with these HMs possessed detailed differences.
Chunhui Wang; Junxiao Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Junhong Tang; Zhenyi Jia; Liang Ge; Yan Li; Shaohua Wu. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in urban environments: Concentrations and joint risks in surface soils with diverse land uses. Land Degradation & Development 2019, 31, 383 -391.
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Junxiao Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Junhong Tang, Zhenyi Jia, Liang Ge, Yan Li, Shaohua Wu. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in urban environments: Concentrations and joint risks in surface soils with diverse land uses. Land Degradation & Development. 2019; 31 (3):383-391.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Junxiao Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Junhong Tang; Zhenyi Jia; Liang Ge; Yan Li; Shaohua Wu. 2019. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in urban environments: Concentrations and joint risks in surface soils with diverse land uses." Land Degradation & Development 31, no. 3: 383-391.
Land use and land cover changes, particularly land take by urbanization, can degrade ecosystems and their capacity to provide humans with numerous benefits, namely, ecosystem services (ES). Many studies on the relationship between urbanization and the supply and demand of ES have been conducted. However, studies on the process and trend of the conflict between ES supply and demand, as well as the spatial differences, are lacking. Developing countries around the world are experiencing rapid urbanization. The aim of this study was to summarize the relationship between urbanization and the supply and demand of ES in China. China has experienced rapid urbanization since the reform and opening up, and the urban population reached 56.10% in 2015. Urban sprawl was twice that of population expansion, and led to a loss in value of ES. We calculated the loss in value of the five ES (food production, water conservation, climate regulation, habitat support and cultural service) due to the increase in construction area by means of spatial analysis. The total loss was US $110.95 billion in China from 1985 to 2015. This result indicated that the increases in construction land area had a negative impact on ES. At the same time, there was a conflict between the scarcity index of ES and their loss in value. The leading cause of this conflict was that economic development was highly dependent on the area of urban construction land. The results suggested that we should adopt “intensive” and “compact” strategic development models, quantify the value of ES, focus on the conflict between the loss in value and ES supply, and try our best to reduce the decline in ES in the future.
Yujie Yuan; Dongxiang Chen; Shaohua Wu; Lijia Mo; Guijie Tong; Daohao Yan. Urban sprawl decreases the value of ecosystem services and intensifies the supply scarcity of ecosystem services in China. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 697, 134170 .
AMA StyleYujie Yuan, Dongxiang Chen, Shaohua Wu, Lijia Mo, Guijie Tong, Daohao Yan. Urban sprawl decreases the value of ecosystem services and intensifies the supply scarcity of ecosystem services in China. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 697 ():134170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYujie Yuan; Dongxiang Chen; Shaohua Wu; Lijia Mo; Guijie Tong; Daohao Yan. 2019. "Urban sprawl decreases the value of ecosystem services and intensifies the supply scarcity of ecosystem services in China." Science of The Total Environment 697, no. : 134170.
Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in agricultural soils at 32 sites in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu region, East China, and their potential ecological risks and possible sources were investigated. Enrichment factor analysis demonstrated enrichment in the order Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr. The potential ecological risk index and risk assessment code analyses indicated that, of the metals studied, Cd posed the most significant ecological risk in the study area. Statistical analyses, GIS mapping, and enrichment factor analysis suggested that Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were derived mainly from anthropogenic sources, including agricultural, industrial, and vehicular emissions, while Cr and Ni were mainly from natural sources. Positive matrix factorization revealed that Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were sourced from industrial and vehicular emissions (73.7%, 21.3%, 71.4%, 20.3%, 75.0%, and 62.2%, respectively), the agricultural sector (26.3%, 36.3%, 6.8%, 38.9%, 15.7%, and 6.9%, respectively), and parent materials (0%, 42.4%, 21.8%, 40.8%, 9.2%, and 30.9%, respectively). It was recommended that strategies be implemented to reduce industrial point-source pollution.
Lian Chen; Genmei Wang; Shaohua Wu; Zhen Xia; Zhenang Cui; Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou. Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of the Lihe River Watershed, East China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Pollution Source. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2094 .
AMA StyleLian Chen, Genmei Wang, Shaohua Wu, Zhen Xia, Zhenang Cui, Chunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou. Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of the Lihe River Watershed, East China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Pollution Source. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (12):2094.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian Chen; Genmei Wang; Shaohua Wu; Zhen Xia; Zhenang Cui; Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou. 2019. "Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils of the Lihe River Watershed, East China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk, and Pollution Source." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2094.
In order to quantitatively study the effect of environmental protection in China since the twenty-first century and the environmental pollution projected for the next ten years (under the model of extensive economic development), this paper establishes a Bayesian regulation back propagation neural network (BRBPNN) to analyze the typical pollutants (i.e., cadmium (Cd) and benzopyrene (BaP)) for Taihu Lake, a typical Chinese freshwater lake. For the periods 1950–2003 and 1950–2015, the neural network model estimated the BaP concentration for the database with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NS) = 0.99 and 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 3.1 and 9.3 for the total database and the Cd concentration for the database with NS = 0.93 and 0.98 and RMSE = 45.4 and 65.7 for the total database, respectively. In the model of extensive economic development, the concentration of pollutants in the sediments of Taihu reached the maximum value at the end of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, and there was an inflection point. After the early twenty-first century, the concentration of pollutants was controlled under various environmental policies and measures. In 2015, the environmental protection ratio of Cd and BaP reached 52% and 89%, respectively. Without environmental protection measures, the concentrations of Cd and BaP obtained from the neural network model is projected to reach 2015.5 μg kg−1 and 407.8 ng g−1, respectively, in 2030. Based on the results of this study, the Chinese government will need to invest more money and energy to clean up the environment.
Yan Li; Shenglu Zhou; Zhenyi Jia; Liang Ge; Liping Mei; Xueyan Sui; Xiaorui Wang; Baojie Li; Junxiao Wang; Shaohua Wu. Influence of Industrialization and Environmental Protection on Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of Taihu Lake, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2628 .
AMA StyleYan Li, Shenglu Zhou, Zhenyi Jia, Liang Ge, Liping Mei, Xueyan Sui, Xiaorui Wang, Baojie Li, Junxiao Wang, Shaohua Wu. Influence of Industrialization and Environmental Protection on Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of Taihu Lake, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (12):2628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Li; Shenglu Zhou; Zhenyi Jia; Liang Ge; Liping Mei; Xueyan Sui; Xiaorui Wang; Baojie Li; Junxiao Wang; Shaohua Wu. 2018. "Influence of Industrialization and Environmental Protection on Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of Taihu Lake, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2628.
Identifying combined pollution risk areas is difficult because of the complex pollutant sources and heterogeneous soil properties in urban systems. This study used bivariate local Moran’s I to analyze the spatial interaction between heavy metals and PAHs, revealed the causes of spatial interaction patterns through PMF, and proposed a risk zoning approach for combined pollution in urban areas. The results showed that both heavy metals and PAHs had high spatial heterogeneity in urban soil. Bivariate LISA maps revealed the spatial interactions between heavy metals and PAHs. The historical area was the hotspot of combined pollution. The overlay of pollutant sources and sinks was responsible for the spatial interaction patterns of combined organic and inorganic pollution. Coal consumption was the main emission source for heavy metal and PAHs pollution, accounting for 31% and 21%, respectively. We used bivariate LISA as the auxiliary variable to reduce the uncertainty of identification combined pollution risk zones. More than 11% of the total area clustered significantly where concentration of both heavy metals and PAHs ware in excess of the risk threshold. This study indicates that we can provide better decision-making support for soil risk management based on the knowledge derived from spatial interaction analysis.
Shaohua Wu; Shenglu Zhou; Haijun Bao; Dongxiang Chen; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Guijie Tong; Yujie Yuan; Baogen Xu. Improving risk management by using the spatial interaction relationship of heavy metals and PAHs in urban soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2018, 364, 108 -116.
AMA StyleShaohua Wu, Shenglu Zhou, Haijun Bao, Dongxiang Chen, Chunhui Wang, Baojie Li, Guijie Tong, Yujie Yuan, Baogen Xu. Improving risk management by using the spatial interaction relationship of heavy metals and PAHs in urban soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2018; 364 ():108-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaohua Wu; Shenglu Zhou; Haijun Bao; Dongxiang Chen; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Guijie Tong; Yujie Yuan; Baogen Xu. 2018. "Improving risk management by using the spatial interaction relationship of heavy metals and PAHs in urban soil." Journal of Hazardous Materials 364, no. : 108-116.
Analysis of sediment grain sizes and heavy metal correlations in the western part of Lake Taihu shows that the grain size of the sediment is stable as a whole. With increasing depth, the grain size tends to decrease. Heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pd and Sr are strongly correlated and influence each other. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, this study classified the origin of heavy metals in the sediments of western Lake Taihu into three major categories: Agricultural, industrial and geogenic. The contributions of the three heavy metal sources in each sample were analyzed and calculated. Overall, prior to the Chinese economic reform, the study area mainly practiced agriculture. The sources of heavy metals in the sediments were mostly of agricultural and geogenic origin, and remained relatively stable with contribution rates of 44.07 ± 11.84% (n = 30) and 35.67 ± 11.70% (n = 30), respectively. After the reform and opening up of China, as the economy experienced rapid development, industry and agriculture became the main sources of heavy metals in sediments, accounting for 56.99 ± 15.73% (n = 15) and 31.22 ± 14.31% (n = 15), respectively. The PMF model is convenient and efficient, and a good method to determine the origin of heavy metals in sediments.
Yan Li; Liping Mei; Shenglu Zhou; Zhenyi Jia; Junxiao Wang; Baojie Li; Chunhui Wang; Shaohua Wu. Analysis of Historical Sources of Heavy Metals in Lake Taihu Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1540 .
AMA StyleYan Li, Liping Mei, Shenglu Zhou, Zhenyi Jia, Junxiao Wang, Baojie Li, Chunhui Wang, Shaohua Wu. Analysis of Historical Sources of Heavy Metals in Lake Taihu Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (7):1540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Li; Liping Mei; Shenglu Zhou; Zhenyi Jia; Junxiao Wang; Baojie Li; Chunhui Wang; Shaohua Wu. 2018. "Analysis of Historical Sources of Heavy Metals in Lake Taihu Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1540.
Two quantitative methods (emission inventory and isotope ratio analysis) were combined to apportion source contributions of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the Lihe River watershed (Taihu region, east China). Source apportionment based on the emission inventory method indicated that for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, the mean percentage input from atmospheric deposition was highest (62–85%), followed by irrigation (12–27%) and fertilization (1–14%). Thus, the heavy metals were derived mainly from industrial activities and traffic emissions. For Ni the combined percentage input from irrigation and fertilization was approximately 20% higher than that from atmospheric deposition, indicating that Ni was mainly derived from agricultural activities. Based on isotope ratio analysis, atmospheric deposition accounted for 57–93% of Pb entering soil, with the mean value of 69.3%, which indicates that this was the major source of Pb entering soil in the study area. The mean contributions of irrigation and fertilization to Pb pollution of soil ranged from 0% to 10%, indicating that they played only a marginally important role. Overall, the results obtained using the two methods were similar. This study provides a reliable approach for source apportionment of heavy metals entering agricultural soils in the study area, and clearly have potential application for future studies in other regions.
Lian Chen; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Yan Li; Junxiao Wang. Combining emission inventory and isotope ratio analyses for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil. Chemosphere 2018, 204, 140 -147.
AMA StyleLian Chen, Shenglu Zhou, Shaohua Wu, Chunhui Wang, Baojie Li, Yan Li, Junxiao Wang. Combining emission inventory and isotope ratio analyses for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil. Chemosphere. 2018; 204 ():140-147.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian Chen; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Yan Li; Junxiao Wang. 2018. "Combining emission inventory and isotope ratio analyses for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil." Chemosphere 204, no. : 140-147.
Environmental pollution by heavy metals resulting from rapid economic development is a major concern. Soil, water, wheat, and rice samples were collected from the Lihe River Watershed in the Taihu Region (east China). In this study area, many types of industrial plants, including ceramics factories, plants working with refractory materials, and chemical plants are densely distributed and cause serious heavy metal pollution. In addition, well-developed transportation and agricultural activities are also important sources of heavy metals. Thus, the concentrations of selected heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the samples were analyzed to evaluate their potential integral risk (IR) to the health of the local population. Accordingly, the spatial distribution pattern of the IR values was determined in the study. The soil in the study area showed heavy Cd pollution, whereas the pollution by other elements was relatively slight. When the proportions of grain samples in which the concentrations exceeded the tolerance limits were examined, the grains were primarily contaminated with Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn; and less contaminated with Cu and Cr. The drinking water of the local inhabitants was safe. The average IR value was 3.53 for adults and 3.91 for children, indicating that both adults and children may experience adverse health effects. The spatial distribution pattern of the IR values among the exposed populations in the study area showed high values in the eastern and middle parts, with maximum values >5, and low values in the western part, with minimum values <2. This is consistent with the distributions of the industries and the population. The study may provide a basis for comparison to other regions both in China and worldwide.
Lian Chen; Shenglu Zhou; Yaxing Shi; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Yan Li; Shaohua Wu. Heavy metals in food crops, soil, and water in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu Region and their potential health risks when ingested. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 615, 141 -149.
AMA StyleLian Chen, Shenglu Zhou, Yaxing Shi, Chunhui Wang, Baojie Li, Yan Li, Shaohua Wu. Heavy metals in food crops, soil, and water in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu Region and their potential health risks when ingested. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 615 ():141-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian Chen; Shenglu Zhou; Yaxing Shi; Chunhui Wang; Baojie Li; Yan Li; Shaohua Wu. 2018. "Heavy metals in food crops, soil, and water in the Lihe River Watershed of the Taihu Region and their potential health risks when ingested." Science of The Total Environment 615, no. : 141-149.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major group of toxic pollutants in urban areas. We calculated the critical concentrations of PAHs in the urban soils of Nanjing, China based on a human health risk assessment. In the study area, the risk was divided into four levels and toxic equivalent values of benzo[a]pyrene (BaPeq) corresponded to 7000ngg(-1). By this standard, most urban areas in Nanjing fall under level II (potentially low risk), while older urban districts, commercial centers, and transportation centers exceed the critical concentration (level III) at present. Additionally, the correlations between PAH concentrations, factors associated with urbanization, and soil properties were analyzed. Population density and black carbon content were determined to be the key factors involved. Multiple linear regression models and the scenario simulation method were used to predict PAH levels in urban soils through 2030. The results indicated that the future distribution characteristics of soil BaPeq under various scenarios were different than at present, but PAH concentrations remained stable only under the low‑carbon scenario. Therefore, the consumption of traditional fossil fuels should be controlled and replaced with alternative energy sources. In addition, the growth of traffic land use should be controlled in the southern and southwestern parts of the urban area.
Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Jing Song; Shaohua Wu. Human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban soils of Nanjing, China. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 612, 750 -757.
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Jing Song, Shaohua Wu. Human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban soils of Nanjing, China. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 612 ():750-757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Jing Song; Shaohua Wu. 2018. "Human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban soils of Nanjing, China." Science of The Total Environment 612, no. : 750-757.
A multimedia fugacity model with spatially resolved environmental phases at an urban scale was developed. In this model, the key parameter, organic matter, was replaced with black carbon (BC) and applied to simulate the distributions of phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) in Nanjing, China. Based on the estimated emissions and measured inflows of air and water, the Phe, Pyr and BaP concentrations in different environment media were calculated under steady-state assumptions. The original model (OC-Model), BC-inclusive model (dual C-Model) and improved model (BC-Model) were validated by comparing observed and predicted Phe, Pyr and BaP concentrations. Our results suggested that lighter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were more affected by BC substitution than their heavier counterparts. We advocate the utilization of sorption with BC in future multimedia fate models for lighter PAHs based on the comparison of the calculated and observed values from measured and published sources. The spatial distributions of the Phe, Pyr and BaP concentrations in all phases were rationally mapped based on the calculated concentrations from the BC-Model, indicating that soil was the dominant sink of PAHs in terrestrial systems, while sediment was the dominant sink of PAHs in aquatic systems.
Chunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Yue He; Junxiao Wang; Fei Wang; Shaohua Wu. Developing a Black Carbon-Substituted Multimedia Model for Simulating the PAH Distributions in Urban Environments. Scientific Reports 2017, 7, 14548 .
AMA StyleChunhui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Yue He, Junxiao Wang, Fei Wang, Shaohua Wu. Developing a Black Carbon-Substituted Multimedia Model for Simulating the PAH Distributions in Urban Environments. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 (1):14548.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunhui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Yue He; Junxiao Wang; Fei Wang; Shaohua Wu. 2017. "Developing a Black Carbon-Substituted Multimedia Model for Simulating the PAH Distributions in Urban Environments." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1: 14548.
The assessment of critical loads of metals in soil can be used as an important tool for evaluation and for risk precaution of future inputs of metal in order to avoid the occurrence of heavy metal pollution and its long-term risks for people. In this study, critical loads of Cd, Cu, and Pb in farming and non-farming areas of Kunshan were calculated based on three main effects. Two of these effects, limit value of daily metals dose and different environmental water quality criteria are new ways to calculate the critical content of heavy metals. The mean value of critical loads decreased in the order Cu>Pb>Cd when calculated using mass balance effects, child health risk effects, and adult health risk effects. Critical loads were highest in the areas near construction land, areas of low critical load were scattered throughout the city. The areal proportion of critical load exceedance is greatest for Pb based on mass balance effects, followed by Cu based on water quality effects, and Cd based on mass balance effects. Exceedances only occurred in 6% and 3% of farming areas for water quality effects for Cd and Pb when compared critical load values to the input fluxes in the Yangtze River delta. However, for these metals, values were up to 83% and 100%, respectively, based on mass balance effects. Exceedances completely covered non-farming areas for each effect for Pb. Most exceedances occurred in the north and south of the city in non-farming areas. Spatially explicit critical loads of heavy metals based on the different effects can serve as a reference for controlling the emissions of heavy metals effectively and meeting the demands of different management objectives.
Shaohua Wu; Yaxing Shi; Shenglu Zhou; Chunhui Wang; Hao Chen. Modeling and mapping of critical loads for heavy metals in Kunshan soil. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 569-570, 191 -200.
AMA StyleShaohua Wu, Yaxing Shi, Shenglu Zhou, Chunhui Wang, Hao Chen. Modeling and mapping of critical loads for heavy metals in Kunshan soil. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 569-570 ():191-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaohua Wu; Yaxing Shi; Shenglu Zhou; Chunhui Wang; Hao Chen. 2016. "Modeling and mapping of critical loads for heavy metals in Kunshan soil." Science of The Total Environment 569-570, no. : 191-200.
With China’s rapid economic development, the reduction in arable land has emerged as one of the most prominent problems in the nation. The long-term dynamic monitoring of arable land quality is important for protecting arable land resources. An efficient practice is to select optimal sample points while obtaining accurate predictions. To this end, the selection of effective points from a dense set of soil sample points is an urgent problem. In this study, data were collected from Donghai County, Jiangsu Province, China. The number and layout of soil sample points are optimized by considering the spatial variations in soil properties and by using an improved simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Optimization results in the retention of more sample points in the moderate- and high-variation partitions of the study area; (2) The number of optimal sample points obtained with the improved SA algorithm is markedly reduced, while the accuracy of the predicted soil properties is improved by approximately 5% compared with the raw data; (3) With regard to the monitoring of arable land quality, a dense distribution of sample points is needed to monitor the granularity.
Junxiao Wang; Xiaorui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Yan Zhu; Chunfeng Lu. Optimization of Sample Points for Monitoring Arable Land Quality by Simulated Annealing while Considering Spatial Variations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 980 .
AMA StyleJunxiao Wang, Xiaorui Wang, Shenglu Zhou, Shaohua Wu, Yan Zhu, Chunfeng Lu. Optimization of Sample Points for Monitoring Arable Land Quality by Simulated Annealing while Considering Spatial Variations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (10):980.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunxiao Wang; Xiaorui Wang; Shenglu Zhou; Shaohua Wu; Yan Zhu; Chunfeng Lu. 2016. "Optimization of Sample Points for Monitoring Arable Land Quality by Simulated Annealing while Considering Spatial Variations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 980.