The genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) comprises approximately 125 species of succulents distributed across Madagascar, Africa, Arabia, Australia, Southeast Asia, and tropical America. Traditionally regarded as “miracle plants”, Kalanchoe species are employed for treating inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, and cardiovascular conditions; this is associated with their abundant content of polyphenols, including phenolic acids and flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin, and patuletin. However, robust clinical evidence remains limited. This review integrates pharmacological and bioinformatic perspectives by analyzing more than 70 studies published since 2000 on 15 species, including Bryophyllum. As an in silico complement, the genome of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi was used to predict genes (AUGUSTUS), perform homology searches against Arabidopsis thaliana, and model three key enzymes: CHS, CYP90, and VEP1. The AlphaFold2/ColabFold models showed conserved catalytic motifs, and molecular docking with representative ligands supported the plausibility of biosynthetic pathways for flavonoids, brassinosteroids, and bufadienolides. The available evidence highlights chemopreventive, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, primarily associated with flavonoids and bufadienolides. Significant gaps remain, such as the lack of gene–metabolite correlations and the absence of standardized clinical trials. Overall, Kalanchoe represents a promising model that requires multi-omics approaches to enhance its phytopharmaceutical potential.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely farmed and consumed aquaculture species worldwide. Processing generates large amounts of by-products, including heads, frames, skin, and viscera, which are often discarded. However, these by-products are a valuable source of high-quality protein that can be converted into bioactive peptides through controlled hydrolysis. Numerous studies have shown that trout-derived peptides exhibit a wide range of functional properties, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. From this perspective, the article provides a critical, up-to-date review of recent advances in the valorization of proteins from rainbow trout by-products, with an emphasis on the most efficient processing methods (including enzymatic, chemical, and microbial hydrolysis) and their potential applications in the food and nutraceutical industries. In addition, downstream processes such as ultrafiltration and chromatographic separation are discussed in the context of peptide purification and recovery. Finally, a systematized industrial process for the integral utilization of these by-products is proposed. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze and synthesize the available scientific evidence on the production, functionality, and applications of bioactive peptides derived from rainbow trout by-products, highlighting key process parameters such as enzyme type, pH, temperature, and degree of hydrolysis and their influence on peptide size (typically <5 kDa), yield, and bioactivity, and to propose a viable industrial process for their sustainable valorization. Despite these advances, challenges related to process standardization, cost efficiency, and industrial scalability remain.

In the pursuit of a sustainable transition toward green synthesis, the biological production of nanomaterials emerges as an attractive alternative for generating nanomaterials with controlled physicochemical properties. In this work, Fe-based nanostructures were biosynthesized using Trichoderma harzianum with iron precursor concentrations of 5 mM (Fe5) and 10 mM (Fe10), followed by thermal treatment. SEM, AFM, and TEM analyses revealed that precursor concentration governs particle size and aggregation, while annealing drives the phase evolution from Fe₃O₄ based composition in the as-synthesized nanomaterials to a crystalline α-Fe₂O₃ phase, as confirmed by XRD and XPS. These techniques further indicate that this transformation is associated with the removal of capping biomolecules and the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Biologically, Fe5 and Fe10 acted as potent biostimulants, enhancing T. harzianum growth, sporulation, and pigmentation without inhibition. Dual-culture assays demonstrated that both materials significantly increased the fungus's antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Phytophthora infestans. These results highlight the potential of biosynthesized Fe oxide nanoparticles as dual-function platforms that couple nanotechnology and biological control for sustainable crop protection.

Este artículo explora el uso de los hongos en la síntesis de nanomateriales basados en lantánidos, demostrando su aplicación innovadora como agentes fúngicos en la nanobiotecnología. Se realiza una revisión en la que se examina el papel crucial de los hongos en la obtención de nanoestructuras basadas en lantánidos y sus aplicaciones potenciales en biotecnología. También se analiza cómo estos materiales se utilizan en recubrimientos antimicrobianos, agentes de etiquetado y la biorecuperación de lantánidos a partir de residuos industriales y recursos minerales utilizando organismos fúngicos. Además, hace hincapié en la importancia de los métodos de síntesis respetuosos con el medio ambiente y la evaluación de la toxicidad de estos materiales para ambos entornos y organismos. Este trabajo destaca la importancia de la investigación interdisciplinaria que une la biología fúngica con la nanotecnología para un futuro más sostenible.